Environmental law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Environmental law - Essay Example Along with the passing of an enabling statute, there is also the power to investigate violations of rules and judicial power to adjudicate disputes an agency may have with individuals or businesses (Kubasek & Silverman, 2000). Administrative agencies have three ways of making rules: informal, formal and hybrid ones – all governed by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). In informal rule making, an agency starts the process by publishing the proposed law in the Federal Register, together with a justification of the legal power for issuing the law. It also describes how people can be part of the rule making procedure, and invites those interested in submitting written comments. The agency then evaluates the comments and publishes the adopted law in the Federal Register. It bears a statement of its purpose and the date it becomes effective. Formal rule making occurs when an enabling statute stipulates that all regulations be passed by an agency as part of a formal inquiry process that includes an official transcript. The process starts in the same way as the informal one. However, it also includes a public hearing where witnesses give testimonies on advantages and disadvantages of the proposed law. A transcript of the hearing is maintained. An adopted law based on the received information is then published. Hybrid rule making combines the best features of informal and formal rule making in an attempt to minimize their flaws. It starts with publishing the proposed law in the Federal Register followed by informal public hearings and a restricted cross examination of witnesses. The adopted laws are then published. Administrative agencies have had a positive impact on local living environments. For instance, the EPA sets rules limiting the level of hazardous air pollutants an industry may emit into the atmosphere (Kubasek & Silverman,

Data Mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Data Mining - Essay Example Irrespective of the technique, data mining can be broadly carried out in three steps in generic terms: classification (applied to group data based on set rules), association (the relation between objects within the group is identified) and sequence analysis (the sequence in which a data repeats itself is identified). The major pitfall for data mining is that, in some cases the process becomes disorganized without any set goals or objectives. This results in wastage of time, effort and investment. The other pitfall is that the programmers involved in the data mining process may not have sufficient business knowledge to understand the objectives or the information that can be retrieved. Sometimes, for a given data mining problem, the relevant data in the available data can be insignificant. In the case that has been presented, the airline utilizes the data available about its customers that were collected via. the frequent flier program to identify patterns in consumer behaviour. The airline employed data mining process in order to increase the responses from the customers and also to increase the value of response. Based on this information, the airline can then propose offers based on the results. This will increase the response rate as the offers are planned based on the results of customer preferences. Data mining can be widely applied to many industrial sectors. Retail and Telecommunication companies can make use of data mining in a number of ways to increase their revenue. Retail companies have a vast amount of data on the customer preferences and their purchase patterns. This data can be mined to identify consumer behaviour. In the telecommunications sector, the companies can mine the data they have about their subscribers to make value based propositions targeted at the customers who are of high value to the

Biomimetic Lumbar Artificial Intervertebral Disc

Biomimetic Lumbar Artificial Intervertebral Disc Rapid Prototyping of a Biomimetic Lumbar Artificial Intervertebral Disc for Total Disc Replacement Arthroplasty Abstract Intervertebral discs (IVDs) are soft tissues that provide flexibility to the vertebral column by transmitting and distributing the large loads that act on the spine. Degeneration of any of the IVD components may cause low back pain (LBP) in a significant amount of the worlds population due to change in the entire discs mechanics. IVD arthroplasty or total disc replacement (TDR) is an alternative to spinal fusion by allowing some movement to be restored to the patient. Existing artificial disc replacements (AIDs) have not the same properties of a normal biological IVDs, and may cause further complications such as metallosis, osteolysis, and implant dislodgement. Currently, there exist no AIDs that allow the same range of motion, mechanical performance, and comparable life span to a biological IVD. This projects seeks to create a soft and flexible biomimetic AID with equivalent mechanical properties by rapid prototyping to be able to personalize the implant to suit the anatomical chara cteristics of each individual. Background The spinal column provides rigidity and stability to the skeleton; it is divided into 4 distinct spinal regions: cervical (C1 C7), thoracic (T1 T12), lumbar (L1 L5), and sacral (S1 S5). Each section of the spine is composed of osseous elements called vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs (IVD) attached to the surfaces of the vertebral bodies. IVDs are composed of soft tissue with three main components: the gelatinous nucleus pulposus (NP) at the centre, the surrounding concentric collagen layers of the annulus fibrosus (AF), and the cartilaginous endplates that attach the NP and the AF to the vertebral bodies. Degeneration of any of these soft tissues will cause the mechanical behaviour of the entire disc to change [1]. In particular, degeneration of the nucleus pulposus causes the loss of osmotic pressure and hydration. Consequently, the fluid exchange is reduced and affects the tissues cellular function and disc height diminution. Producing as a result an increase in disc instability and impingement of the roots of the spine triggering discogenic pain [2] [3]. IVD degeneration in any of the spinal regions directly contributes to instability, axial back pain [3]. The strongest compression forces that affect the components of the spine are experienced at the height of the lumbar-sacral regions (L4-L5 and L5-S1) [4] [5] [6] often resulting in lumbar or low back pain (LBP) [3]. LBP is the second most frequent reason for a medical intervention in the USA [7], affecting an estimated 80% [6] of the worlds population at some point of their lives; with an estimated economic impact of approximately $100 billion in the USA [8] [9], and  £12 billion in the UK [10] per annum. While surgery is not the first choice to treat discogenic pain, it is considered after a six month period of conservative pain management fails to ease the patients pain [3] [6]. Surgical options for LBP include dynamic stabilization, spinal fusion, and total disc replacement (TDR) surgery [3] [6]. TDR is an alternative treatment that may be used in some patients instead of spinal fusion [3]; it consists removing the damaged IVD and using a mechanical device to replace it and restore movement to the affected zone [1] [3] [11]. This method aims to restore movement to the spine and prevent early degeneration and disease of adjacent segments that may be caused by the load and motion redistribution of a fused spinal segment [3] [12]; TDR has a significantly reduced surgery time, shorter postoperative recuperation, improved patient recovery, and acceptable level of morbidity [3] [11] [13]. Among the most used artificial intervertebral discs (AIDs) commercially available now include: Chari te artificial discs (Depuy, Johnson and Johnson) [14] [13], ProDisc-L (DePuy Synthes) [3] [13]. Statement of the Problem AIDs are more commonly made from hard materials, such as metals, ceramics and hard polymers [11] [13] [15], but these experience wear and may even result in metallosis, osteolysis and implant dislodgement [11] [16] Current technologies consist mostly of superposed metallic plates with another core material acting as the nucleus pulposus. The surfaces of the implants connected to the vertebras may lead to the formation of tight bonds that cause clashing movements between the plate and core materials hindering the implant-bone interface. In reality, these AIDs have limited mobility compared to normal biological IVDs, and may further deteriorate the patients condition by dislodging from the vertebral bodies or releasing debris from the wear and friction of the implant [11] [17]. Flexible AIDs made from polymeric materials have been deemed as unable to sustain the high mechanical loads of the spine [15]. Shikinami et al pioneered a flexible 3D woven fabric AID made form bioinert ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) [16]. Their AID consisted of mimicking the collagenous fibre arrangement of a normal biological IVD using a triaxial fibre arrangement able to exhibit similar mechanical properties to a human IVD; however, they acknowledged that wear debris occurred at the bone-implant interface in vitro and their fixation method could cause direct bonding to the vertebral bodes or cause fibrous connective tissues to cover the interface [17]. The Bonassar group at Cornell University have devised a composite AID made form TE-TDR and ovine AF and NP cell. After being implanted in the rat caudal lumbar spine for six months, it was shown to maintain adequate disc height (78%) and ECM deposition into the vertebral bodies and endplate. Nevertheless, this composite AID was only tested axially and it is not known if such composite would be able to resist bending and torsion [18]. More recently, a fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printed composite TE-TDR PCL scaffold was created to replicate a rabbit IVD [19]. Their results show that their model exhibited higher compressive stiffness than that of a human IVD and prove that personalised implants created by rapid prototyping are promising in the future. However, their proposed implant does not mimic the internal structure of a normal biological IVD. Thus far, there are no commercial AID implants that cater to the unique anatomical features of each individual. Furthermore, current soft AID implants being investigated have the following concerns: these seldom mimic the radially alternating lamellas of the AF, have been thoroughly tested in the six degrees of freedom that the human spine endures, or promote appropriate implant vertebral body integration. Research Objectives The guiding research question is: Would a 3D printed soft biomimetic AID be able to have the same mobility and mechanical properties of a normal biological IVD? This involves the following specific objectives: To create an accurate 3D printed biomimetic implant mimicking the radially alternating lamellas of the annulus fibrosus. Assess the implants endurance and fatigue resistance. To promote cellular integration of the implants top and bottom surfaces into the vertebral bodies without hindering the implants performance. Compare the biomimetic implant to commercially available AIDs implants. Methodology The research plan will proceed in two phases. During the first phase, 1) I will collect anthropometric data to generate a geometrically accurate IVD model from CT/MRI databases using Materialise Mimics (Materialise NV). From this model, 2) I will create a CAD model of a biomimetic IVD implant mimicking the AF lamellas , and 3) perform FEA on the model to determine if the chosen materials will be able to sustain the in vivo loads a natural IVD experiences. In this first phase, I will also perform FEA analysis of commercially available artificial disc implants and compare them to our biomimetic IVD implant. The final step of the first phase is to 3D print the biomimetic model and if needed 4) optimize it to account for any warping or curling of the material, or any other defects caused by the rapid prototyping. During the second phase, 5) I will test implant wear, endurance, and other mechanical properties and 6) biocompatibility and osseous integration to the top and bottom surfaces of the biomimetic IVD and assess cellular attachment to the vertebras. I will also 7) compare our biomimetic IVD to commercially available artificial discs such as Charite (Depuy, Johnson and Johnson) and ProDisc-L (DePuy Synthes). Tentative Timeline Phase 1: Green Phase 2: Blue 2018 2019 2020 Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Finalize project description 1) Anthropometric data acquisition 2) Biomimetic CAD model of IVD implant. 3) FEA analysis of CAD model 4) 3D printing optimization of model 5) Mechanical testing of 3D printed model 6) Biocompatibility and integration of biomimetic IVD implant 7) Comparison to commercially available TDR implants 8) Preparing Thesis and Defense Defense X References [1] D. H. Cortes and D. M. Elliot, The Intervertebral Disc: Overview of Disc Mechanics, in The Intervertebral Disc, Springer-Verlag Wien, 2014, pp. 17-31. [2] S. M. Richardson, A. J. Freemont and J. A. Hoyland, Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, in The Intervertebral Disc, Springer-Verlag Wien, 2014, pp. 177-200. [3] D. G. Sueki and B. Barcohana, Lumbar Spine Disc Replacement, in Rehabilitation for the Postsurgical Orthopedic Patient, St. Louis, Elsevier Mosby, 2013, pp. 335-360. [4] A. MRÓZ, K. SKALSKI and W. WALCZYK, New lumbar disc endoprosthesis applied to the patients anatomic features, Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 25-34, 2015. [5] J. L. Pinheiro-Franco and P. Roussouly, The Importance of Sagittal Balance for the Treatment of Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease, in Advanced Concepts in Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease, Spinger, 2016, pp. 703-724. [6] R. R. Patel, J. A. Rihn, R. K. Ponnoppan and T. J. Albert, Surgical Indications for Lumbar Degenerative Disease, in The Intervertebral Disc, Wien, Springer-Verlag, 2014, pp. 213-224. [7] A. Borthakur and R. Reddy, Imaging Modalities for Studying Disc Pathology, in The Intervertebral Disc, Wien, Springer-Verlag, 2014, pp. 201- 212. [8] K. JN, Lumbar disc disorders and low-back pain: socioeconomic factors and consequences [review]., J Bone Joint Surg Am, vol. 88, pp. 21-24, 2006. [9] W. T. Crow and D. R. Willis, Estimating Cost of Care for Patients With Acute Low Back Pain: A Retrospective Review of Patient Records, The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, vol. 109, pp. 229-233, 2009. [10] D. G. T. Whitehurst, S. Bryan, M. Lewis, J. Hill and E. M. Hay, Exploring the cost-utility of stratified primary care management for low back pain compared with current best practice within risk-defined subgroups, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 17, pp. 1796-1802, 2012. [11] C. K. Lee and V. K. Goel, Artificial disc prosthesis: design concepts and criteria, The Spine Journal , vol. 4, pp. 209S-218S, 2004. [12] F. Garcà ­a Vacas, F. Ezquerro Juanco, A. Pà ©rez de la Blanca, M. Prado Novoa and S. Postigo Pozo, The flexion-extension response of a novel lumbar intervertebral disc prosthesis: A finite element study, Mechanism and Machine Theory, vol. 73, pp. 273-281, 2013. [13] J. M. Vital and L. Boissiere, Total Disc Replacement, Orthopaedics Traumatology: Surgery Research , vol. 100, pp. S1-S14, 2014. [14] R. D. Guyer and D. D. Ohnmeiss, A Prospective Randomized Comparison of Two Lumar Total Disk Replacements, in Surgery for Low Back Pain, Springer-Verlag, 2010, pp. 193-197. [15] D. G. Kang, M. D. Helgeson and A. R. Vaccaro, Spinal Motion Restoration Devices for the Degenerative Disc, in The Intervertebral Disc, Springer-Verlag, 2014, pp. 225-246. [16] Y. Shikinami, Y. Kotani, B. W. Cunningham, K. Abumi and K. Kaneda, A Biomimetic Artificial Disc with Improved Mechanical Properties Compared to Biological Intervertebral Discs, Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 14, no. 11, 2004. [17] Y. Shikinami, Y. Kawabe, K. Yasukawa, K. Tsuta, Y. Kotani and K. Abumi, A biomimetic artificial intervertebral disc system composed of a cubic three-dimensional fabric, The Spine Journal, vol. 10, pp. 141-152, 2010. [18] R. D. Bowles, H. H. Gebhard, R. Hartl and L. J. Bonassar, Tissue-engineered intervertebral discs produce new matrix, maintain disc height, and restore biomechanical function to the rodent spine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 32, p. 13106-13111, 2011. [19] S. Van Uden, J. Silva-Correia, V. M. Correlo, J. M. Oliveira and R. L. Reis, Custom-Tailored Tissue Engineered Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Total Disc Replacement, Biofabrication, vol. 7, no. 1, 2015.

Essay --

George Bilgere, an American Poet writes a touching but sad poem about his personal life. Bilgere who is the main character in the poem takes his readers on a journey about the survival of his struggles in life. Coming from a family with divorced parents, alcoholic father and mother who passed away lead him to be more open with his poetry. In the poem â€Å" Like Riding a Bicycle† Bilgere informs his readers about the struggles he had to face throughout his childhood due to not having a mother or father figure around at a young age. Throughout the poem, Bilgere shows that even though you struggle in life, there is alway a way to find yourself as a successful individual. Bilgere was a young boy who suffered from alcohol abuse. The first few stanzas of the poem started off showing happiness when describing his father teaching him how to ride a bicycle. Getting deeper into the poem, it turns to a rough point when Bilgere compares the push while riding a bike to his own marriage. For instance â€Å" As I make some perilous adult launch / like pulling away from my wife.† (462) Knowing that his father and mother split up when Bilgere was a young child, shows that the divorce affected his future. Bilgere’s father alcohol problem destroyed their family. The line â€Å" On their own divorce, their balance / long gone and the hard ground already / rising up to smite them† ( 462) shows the feeling of being abandoned and left alone. His father's alcoholism caused his actions to become violent. For instance â€Å" He swore and stomped off.† (462) which demonstrates to the reader that the father had trouble controlling his temper towar ds his son and wife. Throughout the entire poem, it shows that Bilgere had strong anger towards his father but learns to appreciate ... ...er evening† (463) gives us the thought of him remembering it all, but â€Å" the pacific shoreline† (463) which proves that the bicycle ride was representing a new life. Bilgere gives his readers the conclusion to never give up even when life turns upside down. Bilgere was a young boy who survived a tough childhood and grew up to be a successful man. Even though he didn't have the childhood most children have shows that anything is possible. We shouldn't give up on anything when life gets difficult for us. Bilgere proves to his reader that giving up doesn't get you anywhere; doing something about it does. Knowing that Bilgere was about to find happiness and be confident in the person he had became gives me the hope of a better future. Life will through some tough punches but better to take the pain than to give up because god has something better stored for the future.

ACL in practice

One way to ensure the integrity of the data is to check for duplicate records. To find the total amount of a field, use the Total command. The Quick Sort feature lets you view the data in sequential order. A filter is a logical expression that you can type in the view's Filter text box. CAL displays only those records that match the filter. An expression is a set of operators and values that you use to perform calculations, specify conditions for a test, or create values that do not exist directly in the data. An CAL expression can be a combination of data fields or computed fields, operators,constants, functions, and variables.Commands: Statistics, Profile, Duplicate, Total, Quick Sort— See the detailed explanations below. In this chapter you accomplished the following tasks: ; Opening a project Viewing the project contents ; Using Statistics and Profile commands to analyze data ; Using Quick Sort to sort the data in a specified order Creating and applying filters Examine the employee list Tasks: View the employee data project. Get statistical picture. Check for duplicate employee records. Open and view the employee data project Open the employee data projectProject: Open an existing and save project as Surname_Metaphor_Employee_Data, then K, and close project. Open an existing project—Surname_Metaphor_Employee_Data and start. Tables: Agents_Metaphor – lists all of Metaphor's independent sales agents around the world. Rename this file as Surname_Agents_Metaphor. Employee_List – lists all of the Metaphor employees at the head office. Rename this file as Surname_Employee_list. View the contents of the employee data project (Insert your answer here) Get a statistical picture Generate statistics on the employee list Use Profile to get information about a tableLook for duplicate records Look for duplicate employee numbers Examine employee salaries and Bonuses Find total bonuses paid in 2002 Use the Total command to find total bonuses pai d in 2002 View salaries in descending and ascending order View employee salaries in descending and ascending order View employees hired in 2002 Create a filter to show employees that were hired in 2002 Determine bonus as a percentage of salary Your Log Your Folder Explanations: STATISTICS Syntax numeric-field-list specifies the numeric fields or expressions for which statistics will be provided. Et-field-list specifies the date fields or expressions for which statistics will be provided. SST calculates the standard deviation of the fields specified, in addition to the other statistics. Obtaining statistics on numeric and date fields Use Statistics on date and numeric fields to obtain an overview of the data. For specified fields, the Statistics command provides: Record counts, field totals, and average field values for positive, nil, and negative field values Absolute value Ranges Highest and lowest field values The Statistics command also populates a number of system variables. To use theStatistics command Select Analyze Ð’Â » Statistical Ð’Â » Statistics to display the Statistics dialog box. PROFILE PROFILE numeric fields numeric_fields specifies the numeric fields to be profiled. Producing summary statistics on numeric fields Use the Profile command to provide summary statistics on one or more numeric fields in a table. Profile provides the following information for numeric fields: Total value Absolute value Minimum value Maximum value Profile is used primarily to determine minimum, maximum, absolute, and total field values (as appropriate) before issuing the Stratify, Histogram, or Sample commands.If you want an overview of a table before detailed processing, the Statistics command provides more complete information. After a field has been profiled, CAL knows its minimum and maximum values. These values are then used as defaults for the Minimum and Maximum parameters in the Stratify and Histogram commands. Similarly, CAL knows the absolute value of the field and uses this value as the default for the Population parameter in the Sample command. If the Automatic Profile interface option is turned on, CAL automatically produces a profile of all the numeric fields in a table each time a new table is opened.The profiles can be viewed in the command results. To turn this option on, select Tools from the menu bar and choose Options. Click the Table tab and select Automatically Profile on Open. To use the Profile command Select Analyze Ð’Â »Statistical Ð’Â »Profile to display the Profile dialog box. DUPLICATES DUPLICATES key_field . ON key-field specifies the fields or expressions to check for duplicates. UNFORMATTED suppresses page headings and page breaks when the output is directed to a file. OTHER field-list specifies a list of fields or expressions to include in the output for a duplicates test.The fields are reported in columnar format with duplicate items displayed in grouped rows. A blank line separates each set of du plicates. The duplicated key field values are reported in the first column, followed by the specified fields. PRESORT sorts the primary table on the primary key before testing for duplicates. You cannot use the PRESORT keyword in a group. Testing for duplicates The Duplicates command detects whether key fields in the active table contain duplicates. To test for duplicate records Select Analyze from the menu bar and choose Look for Duplicates to display theDuplicates dialog box. If your table contains a great many records, it is faster and more useful to save the command results to a file than to display the results on the screen. TOTAL TOTAL numeric fields Totaling numeric fields or expressions Use the Total command to total numeric fields or expressions in the active table. Total is typically used to prove the completeness and accuracy of the data and to produce control totals. Total finds the arithmetic sum of the fields or expressions specified. As well as displaying the totals r equested, this command saves the result n a special variable, Totals. Is normally â€Å"1†, but adopts the sequential command number when Total is issued in a group, for example, TOTAL 17. To use the Total command Select Analyze from the menu bar and choose Total Fields to display the Total dialog box. Sorting a view with Quick Sort You can use Quick Sort to sort records on any field. Applicable only to the view, Quick Sort is a temporary means to view your records in ascending or descending order. When you are finished with Quick Sort, you can turn it off to return the view to the order in which the records exist in the table.To use Quick Sort, right-click the column header and select one of the sort options: Quick Sort Ascending – sorts the records from lowest to highest. Quick Sort Descending – sorts the records from highest to lowest. Quick Sort Off – restores the records to the previous sort order. Quick Sort applies to the view only and not to comma nds, which use the sort order that is present in the table. To sort the records in the table, use the Sort command. To index the table by one or more fields, use the Index command. Quick Sort is not available for dynamic server-based CAL tables.

Math and Music Essay

Math and music are connected in many ways. Math is seen to be as very precise. Music is often seen as a way to express emotion. They are actually both very closely related together. Music is an expression of scales and notes that are strung together to make sound. Math is the subject of numbers and symbols used to write formulas and equations. At its foundation, music and math are related. In this essay, you will show that math and music are related in many ways. They are more closely related then what they are seen to be. Numbers to beats. Pitch to rhythm. Rhythm Math and music’s connection begins with something called rhythm. Music is built on rhythm. Same as how mathematics is based on numbers. Rhythm is made whenever the time range is split into different pieces by some movement or sound. There are many everyday life examples of rhythm the beating of your heart, when waves hit the shore of a beach and the systematic way the traffic light blinks is rhythm. Rhythm measures time so the measure and time signature are created to make rules for a certain piece of music. A piece of music is divided into equal measures. Each measure represents the same amount of time. Each measure gets split into equal shares, or beats. A time signature has two parts. It resembles a fraction. The top number (numerator) is how many beats in each measure. The bottom number (denominator) indicates tells you which note to count. For example, 4/4 is the most common time signature. The four at the top represents how many beats in that measure (4). The four at the bottom indicates which note to count (in this case, a whole note). Beats are in notes. These represent how long to hold the note for. For example, a quarter note equals one beat. How many beats in measure, four. (Numerator) How many beats in measure, four. (Numerator) Which note to count for, whole note. (Denominator) Which note to count for, whole note. (Denominator) Binary Number System Music is related to math with the binary number system. By following this pattern, one can see how each succeeding power (of two) gives a new note to work with (ex: sixteenth notes, thirty-second notes, sixty-fourth notes, one hundred-twenty-eight notes, and so forth). This pattern is also used for rests. A rest that is a whole rest is equal to a whole note. A half rest is equal to a half note. This pattern continues on. In 4/4 time there is one whole note in a measure, this equals 20=1. Two half notes go in a measure. The binary version of this is 21 = 2 half notes per measure. 4 quarter notes in a measure. The binary version of this is 22=4 quarter notes in a measure. 8 eighth notes go in a measure. The binary version of this is 23=8 eighth in each measure. 16 sixteenth notes fall in each measure. The binary version is 24=16 sixteenth notes in a measure. Binary Number System is shown above Adding a ‘dot’ after any note increases the value of the note by one half of the original note value. This also applies to rests. All of these rests and notes can be a combination of many arrangements to make different rhythms. The only condition it has is that there must the same exact number of beats in every single measure. A time signature of 4/4 says that every measure, no matter what notes they contain, must equal four beats. The fractional way of saying this is the sum of the fractions that every individualized note represents, must always equal one. This is because 4/4 simplified is â€Å"one.† Here are a few examples that will and will not work out. Another very common time signature is 3/4. The fractional way of saying this 3/4. The quarter note would still get one beat (due to the fact a four is at the bottom) but this time there would only be three beats in a measure. This basically means the total number of beats must be three. These are some examples that will and won’t work. Math can be used to determine where the second note of the two will fall in relation to the three-note rhythmic cycle. This concept is the least common denominator (LCM). Since the LCM of two and three is six, one would divide the measure into six equal counts to determine where each and every note would fall. The six count measure can be counted as â€Å"one and two and three and.† (In the time signature of 3/4, each and every one of these counts signifies an eighth note, because three quarter notes equal six eighth notes.) In the measure below the first rhythmic cycle has three quarter notes in each measure. Each one is taking up exactly two counts. The first note is counted as â€Å"one and,† the second note would be counted as â€Å"two and,† and finally the third note would be counted as â€Å"three and.† The second rhythmic scale has two dotted quarter notes in every measure. The first dotted quarter note is counted as â€Å"one and two.† While the second dotted quarter notes starts on the ‘and’ of two, and is counted as â€Å"three and.† Give one of these cycles to each of your hands and try to play them all at once, beating on a table or some other surface. It may even help to count aloud while doing this to make sure all the beats are falling on the right count. A much more complicated rhythm is three aainst four. The least common multiple of three and four is twelve so so the measure is divided amongst twelve equal parts. (In this case, each count signifies one sixteenth note, because three quarter notes equals twelve sixteenth notes.) This cycle can be counted as â€Å"one e and a, two e and a, three e and a, four e and a.† While trying to beat out this rhythm as well, one may find that beating out a two against three is far easier then beating out a three against four, though it is quite possible to play both. Every single thing surronding us has a rhythm. Ocean water has a rhythm. Protons and neutrons have rhythm. In every case, however, the rhythm moves the vibrations of the rhythm to the surronding material. Whether it be water, the ground, air, or something else, rhythm transfers vibrations. When rhythms distrupt the medium in a periodic way (repeating at equal times for equal amounts of time) they create something called wave motion. A wave has a high and low point just like an ocean wave has a high point and a low point. The high point in a wave is called the crest. The low point is called the trough. One wave equals one cycle. The first wave is called a transeverse wave. A transverse wave is a wave that lets the particles in the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction that the wave is traveling. Particles in medium travel this way Particles in medium travel this way Wave travelsthis way! Wave travelsthis way! Attach a rope to something in front of you then give it a little slack. Imagine jerking the rope up and down really quick. Jerk the rope Jerk the rope Wave moves along rope Wave moves along rope The movement of one’s hand sends a wave going horizontally down the rope whilst the rope itself moved up and down. Crest Trough Crest Trough Particles in mediumtravel this way Particles in mediumtravel this way Wave travelsthis way! Wave travelsthis way! Crest Trough Crest Trough When a violin string gets plucked, it works exactly like the rope. The pluck, instead of a jerk, creates the wave. The wave travels along the string horizontally, thus, the air particles around it move ever so little vertically. Particles in mediumtravel this way Particles in mediumtravel this way Wave travelsthis way! Wave travelsthis way! An example of transverese waves are sine waves. Here a few examples. 2 Another type of wave is called a longitudinal wave. In this wave, the particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is traveling. A longitudinal wave is sent when you knock over the first dominoe. This is because the dominoes fall in the direction of the wave. Another example of a longitudanal wave is a Slinky  ® toy. Hang a slinky from the ceiling, with a weight attached to it’s end, if you pull on the weight and then let go, the slinky goes up and down many times. The wave and the medium move parallel to each other. Sound waves are also longitudinal. The source of sound waves directs a vibration outwards in the air. At the points of compression, many air molecules crowd together and the pressure gets very high. At it’s point of refraction, the molecules are far apart and the air pressure is low. Sound waves create points of compression and refraction. An example of a transverse wave is when one plucks a violin string. The wave that it produces however is longitudinal. The wave travels through the air, hits your eardrum and lets one hear the note. A direct connection can be seen between two kinds of waves. The crest of a transverse wave has a direct relation to the point of compression in a longitudinal wave. The trough of the transverse wave corresponds to the point of rarefraction in the longitudinal wave. Amplitiude, frequency and wavelengths are charecteristics of a wave. Amplitude (A) is the distance from the top of the crest to where the wave originated from. The wavelegnth (ÃŽ ») is any point on the vibrations to the corresponding next one. It is the distance a wave travels in one cycle. The frequency (f) is the number of waves per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz. One Hertz (Hz) = one vibration/seond. The period (T) is the amount of time it takes for one whole wave or cycle to complete fully. The period and frequency are recipricols of on another. (T=1/f). The loudness is how the listener measures amplitude. The larger the amplitude the louder the loudness. The smaller the amplitude the quieter the loudness. The pitch is the listeners measuremet of frequency. It shows how high or low a sound is. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. The lower the frequency, the lower the pitch. The water experiment can explain pitch. The more water in the glass the lower the pitch. The less water in the glass, the higher the pitch. In a complicated tone, there is something called a partial. The root tone with the smallest frequency is called the fundamental frequency. In most musical tones, the frequencies are integer multiples. The first one would be f. The second would be 2f. The third would be 3f. This pattern continues. 1st harmonic f=100 Hz 2nd harmonic2f=200 Hz 3rd harmonic3f=300 Hz 4th harmonic4f=400 Hz 1st harmonic f=100 Hz 2nd harmonic2f=200 Hz 3rd harmonic3f=300 Hz 4th harmonic4f=400 Hz If the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, these would be the frequencies of the first four harmonics: 1st harmonic f=220 Hz 2nd harmonic2f=440 Hz 3rd harmonic3f=660 Hz 4th harmonic4f=880 Hz 1st harmonic f=220 Hz 2nd harmonic2f=440 Hz 3rd harmonic3f=660 Hz 4th harmonic4f=880 Hz If the fundamental frequency is 220 Hz, these would be the frequencies: Handel (1685-1759) used a tuning fork for A with a frequency of 422.5 Hz. By the 1800’s the highest frequency was 461 Hz in America and 455 Hz in Great Britain. Since stringed instruments sound better when tuned higher, the frequency probably would have kept rising. However is 1953 the standard of 440 Hz was agreed tooo. Still, some people use a frequency of 442 or 444Hz. The Piano 5 black keys 7 white keys 5 black keys 7 white keys On the piano keyboard, there are 88 keys. It has a pattern that repeats every 12 keys. The pattern contains 7 white keys and 5 black keys. The white keys are given a letter name A through G. The black keys also get letter names, just with either a flat or sharp symbol after it. For example, the black key between C and D is has two names, C# or Dâ™ ­. The distance between two anearby keys on the piano is called a half step (for example, between C and C# or E and F). Two half steps make a whole step (for example between C and D or E and F#). A sharp raises it a half step meanwhile the flat lowers it half a step. Geometry Math is related to music by geometry. Geometric transformations are like musical transformations. A geometric transformation relocates the figure while keeping the size and shape. The original piece or geometric figure is not changed. The simplest geometric transformation is when the figure slides in a certain direction. The results are the same size, shape and angle measurement. This is called a translation in geometry First place the music notes on the vertices of this triangle. Then move the notes are to the staff. The musical version of the geometric translation appears. Geometric Translation – Repetition The most simple of translation are in â€Å"When the Saints Go Marching In.† The repetitiveness is the theme of this song. The notes are played the same, just in different measures of the music. This means that different measure have the same notes. Another example is in Row, Row, Row your Boat. Geometric translations do not only have to be horizontal. They can be raised or lowered. It can be raised or lowered vertically which means the pitch can be higher or lower. Transposition is a more sophisticated application of translation to music. It involves the movement of an exact sequence of notes to an Geometric Translation – Transposition Transposition is another application of translation in music. It involves the movement of an exact sequence of notes to another place on the scale. The notes are in another key. This is shown in the song â€Å"Yankee Doodle.† Another example of this can be found in â€Å"O Christmas Tree.† Geometric Transposition – Reflection When the geometric figure is reflected across a line, the result is a mirror image of the original figure. The size, shape, angle and measurement remain unchanged. Another name for reflection is a â€Å"flip.† There are two types of reflections, one over the x-axis and one over the y-axis. The musical version of this is called retrogression, is shown below. An easy-to-see reflection is in the song â€Å"Raindrops Keep Falling on my Head.† An additional example is shown in the Shaker tune â€Å"Simple Gifts† A geometric reflection across the x-axis is the same except for the fact that the line of reflection is horizontal instead of than vertical. In music, it is called inversion and can take several different forms. One is in harmony: The other form of inversion is in melody and can be shown in Greensleeves. Transposition – Glide Reflection This is the third form of geometric transformation, which is called glide reflection. It is a translation followed by a reflection or a slide and then a flip. You can see inversion in Guantanamera, a popular Spanish song. Rotation A rotation occurs when a geometric figure is rotated 180 degrees around a point. The figure is moved to another location. It is also called a turn. This can also be done by reflecting over both axes, in any order. The Circle of Fifths and The Chromatic Circle The circle of fifths can be plotted from the chromatic scale by using multiplication. The chromatic scale is based on 12 notes which cannot be repeated until all notes are played. Multiply the numbers by 7. The reason we are multiplying by 7 is that there are 7 whole tones. Number the 12 notes of the chromatioc scale from: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) Showing all of the notes on the chromatic scale: 0=C, 2=D, 4=E, 5=F, 7=G, 9=A, 11=B, 1=C#, 3=D, 6=F#, 8=G#, 10=A# Now multiple the whole row by 7 (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77) Then subtract 12 from every number until the final number becomes less then 12: (0, 7, 2, 9, 4, 11, 6, 1, 8, 3, 10, 5) And this is equal too: (C, G, D, A, E, B, Fâ™ ¯, Câ™ ¯, Gâ™ ¯, Dâ™ ¯, Aâ™ ¯, F) Which is the circle of fifths (this is enharmonically related too): (C, G, D, A, E, B, Gâ™ ­, Dâ™ ­, Aâ™ ­, Eâ™ ­, Bâ™ ­, F). This is the chromatic circle with the circle of fifths inside. (Star dodecagarm) This is the chromatic circle with the circle of fifths inside. (Star dodecagarm) Fibonacci Sequence Mozart is thought to be one of the greatest musicians and composers in the world. He used Fibonacci Sequence in some of his piano concertos (a concerto is a musical composition normally composed in three parts or movements.) Fibonacci sequence is the sequence of numbers, in which the sum of the two previous numbers equals that number ex: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13†¦). In the margins of some of his music, he wrote down equations. For example, in Sonata No. 1 in C Major, there are 100 measures in the first movement (A movement is a self-contained part of a composition.) The first section, of the movement, along with the theme, has 32 measures. The last section of the movement has 68 measures. This is perfect division, using natural numbers. This formatting can be seen in the second movement, in turn. Although there is no actual evidence concerning this matter, the perfect divisions of this piece of musis is quite easy to see. Fibonacci sequence goes on infinetly. The first number is 1. Every following number is the sum of the previous two. Adding 1 to nothing would give you 1. The third number would then be 2, the sum of 1 and 1. The fourth number would be 3 (to get this you would add 2+1) and the fifth number would be 5 (to get this you would add 3+2). These are some examples of Fibonn aci numbers: Fibonacci Sequence is everywhere. For example, the Fibonacci sequence gets shown on the piano because of the way the keys are setup. An octave is made up of thirteen keys. Eight of the keys are white and five are black. The black keys are split into groups of two and three. Each scale has eight notes. The scale is based off of the third and fifth tones. Both pitches are whole tones which are two steps away from the first note in the scale (also known as the root). There is also something called the Fibonacci Ratio. A Fibonacci ratio is any Fibonacci number divided by one adjacent in the series. For example, 2/3 is a Fibonacci ratio. So are 5/8 and 8/13. This pattern continues on. The farther along the ratios are placed, the more they have in common. They also become more and more exactly equal to 0.618. The porportion that these ratios show is thought to be, by many, to look appealing to the eye. It is called it the golden porportion. A Hungarian composer named Bà ©la Bartà ³k often used this technique while creating his compositions. The chart below is based on the Fibonacci ratios. The root tone A has a frequency of 440 Hertz. To find high A you multiply the Fibonacci ratio of 2/1 by 440 Hertz to get 880 Hertz. To get the frequency of note C, multiply 3/5 by 440 to get 264 Hertz. Harmonics are based off of Fibonacci ratios. Bibliography http://www.goldennumber.net/music/ http://www.sciencefairadventure.com/ProjectDetail.aspx?ProjectID=150 Math and Music: Harmonious Connections by: Trudi Hammel Garland and Charity Vaughn Kahn

Global Warming Essays - Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases

Global Warming Essays - Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases Global Warming Meghan McDonald McDonald 1 Mr.Hrkal OAC World Issues December 18th, 2000 Global Warming Now, for the first time in Earth's history, humans may be a decisive factor in future climate change. The actions we make towards the temperature of the earth and the depletion of the ozone layer are irreversible. A warmer future could result from present-day human activities releasing large amounts of heat-trapping gases into the air. These greenhouse gases are part of the reason for the 1F (.5C) rise in global average temperature documented over the past 100 years. If the Earth's temperature continues to rise as predicted, future global warming could happen faster than any climate change of the last 10,000 years. If so, future variations in local climate could be even more disruptive than those of the past. Fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide when burned, are used to generate electricity; heat and light homes and workplaces; power factories and run cars. Unless we reduce population growth and use of fossil fuels, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will double by s ometime in the middle of the next century. The future of Earth's climate may depend partly on the buildup of heat-trapping gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, in the atmosphere. Industrialized nations now release the most carbon dioxide. But how can this world wide disaster be stopped? To fully understand the magnitude of this problem, we must look at the causes McDonald 2 of global warming, what is being done to stop the problem, consequences of this issue, and how we can prevent it. What is Global Warming? The depletion of the ozone layer and global warming are a result of the heat trapping abilities of greenhouse gases. The glass panels of a greenhouse and the Earths atmosphere are both transparent to sunlight, and both trap heat. Energy from the sun drives the earths weather and climate, and heats the earths surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse. Thus creating the greenhouse effect. At present, the Earth appears to be facing a rapid warming, which most scientists believe results, at least in part, from human activities. The chief cause of this warming is thought to be the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which releases into the atmosphere carbon dioxide and other substances known as greenhouse gases. As the atmosphere becomes richer in these gases, it becomes a better insulator, retaining more of the heat provi ded to the planet by the Sun. Through years of abuse and neglect, the situation continues to worsen. Some may feel that Global warming is inevitable, and that the climate will change no matter what. This is partly true. Climate does change all the time, but it changes slowly. We are doing it at enormous speeds, 60 times faster than normal. McDonald 3 Greenhouse Gases All life on Earth relies on the greenhouse effect, without it, the planet would be colder by about 33-Celsius degrees, and ice would cover Earth from pole to pole. However, a growing excess of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere threatens to head in the other direction, toward continual warming. Carbon dioxide is the most abundant greenhouse gas followed by methane and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide flows into the atmosphere from many natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions; the respiration of animals, which breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide; and the burning or decay of organic matter, such as plants. Humans escalate the amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere when they burn fossil fuels, solid wastes, and wood products to heat buildings, drive vehicles, and generate electricity. At the same time, the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis has been greatly reduced by deforestation, the long-term destruction of forests b y indiscriminate cutting of trees for lumber or to clear land for agricultural activities. Methane is an even more effective insulator, trapping over 21 times more heat than does the same amount of carbon dioxide. Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane also comes from rotting organic waste in landfills, and it

How to Write a Classic English Literature Term Paper with Ease

How to Write a Classic English Literature Term Paper with Ease A term paper in the sphere of literature is usually written to present a certain view or interpretation. But that’s not the only goal. While creating a literary research, you also need to convince the readers that your theory is not a puff, but a valuable speculation that can contribute to a particular subject matter. But we doubt that you think about all these goals when you receive a task to produce a classic English literature term paper. The amount of text you need to generate as well as the near deadline fill up your mind and distract you from taking into account the details which can cost you a good mark. And you don’t want to do a considerable chunk of work and, then, because of the wrong format or weak arguments get downgraded, do you? But we are here to prevent such a case scenario – we have built up an exhaustive guide on classic English literature term paper writing in order for you to have all the important information in one place. Just skim our article and see it for yourself – we’ve included tips on data search, topic selection, structuring, outlining and style hints. These are the most significant subjects you need to look into before starting a term paper, so use our guide to do just that, and we’ll do our best to provide you with plain and precise information. The Art of Choosing a Perfect Topic for a Literature Term Paper Well, this is surely one of the hardest parts of writing any academic paper. However, selecting a topic for a literature term piece can be simplified a bit by the fact that almost everybody has a favorite author or book. It means that you already have a starting point which saves a great deal of time. So, you can take a fiction or nonfiction story that you have already read and know well, and make up your mind regarding the aspect you want to research. And while deciding on that one, we advise you to ask yourself these questions whenever you have a topic in mind: Do I actually like the topic? It is essential to select the subject that is interesting to you. Why? Because it will influence your enthusiasm and thoroughness – the more curious and challenged you will feel about getting to the bottom, the more profound your research will be. Is it original? You might want to choose a subject that nobody or at least not a lot of scholars have explored to have enough room for manoeuvre. Moreover, your professor would better read and consider something new which will add up to the positive impression. Is there enough material to research it? This questions may contradict our first point a bit, but if you end up with a completely new topic and there is no information that may help you, the term paper quest may be above your bend or take too much time. So, consider your priorities and don’t overestimate your abilities. Can I contribute to my field of studies? Determine whether your topic bears any value to the research of the literary work you focus on. It is very important because you need to be able to explain the significance of your term paper. Does it appeal to the audience? As your first concern should be the level of your interest in the topic, it is also important to consider whether it is readable and â€Å"entertaining† for the audience. Your supervisor is a simple human being with the same habits, reflections and emotions. So, if he/she gets engaged while reading your term paper, it will 100% positively impact your grade. These questions will assist you not only in topic selection, but also in polishing the final variant of the subject you want to examine. Treat this procedure critically and dig at every controversial or vague answer because if you don’t do it at this stage, it will backfire during actual writing. So, respond to the questions wisely. Primary and Secondary Sources: Search and Preparation Basics In an English literature term paper you are going to analyze some kind of text (e.g. novel, short story, article, biography, etc.) which is considered a primary source. Hence, all the other references that you will make in your writing will address secondary sources because they will contain secondhand information about your main topic. However, you may explore other concepts related to the literature work in focus, and, of course, there also may be primary sources. Whether there is or there is no need to separate your works cited list into 2 different parts, clear it out with your professor. In the meanwhile, we’ll tell you how to find the top information for a literature term paper: Literature handbooks: these are specialized guides that will provide you with field-related data (e.g. The Oxford Companion to English Literature, The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English, etc.); University library: there you will be able to find papers written by the professors of your department, and if you use their research findings in your term paper, it will be a great plus to the overall image of your work; Bibliographies: when you choose the topic and approve it with your supervisor, ask for the most important works in the selected subject matter – then, use the recommended sources, i.e. their bibliographies, to find relevant authors/articles; Online scientific search engines: it’s inappropriate to take unknown articles created by anonymous writers from the Internet, but it’s acceptable enough to find sources in search engines designed for academic purposes (e.g. Google Scholar, JSTOR, EBSCO, etc.) After you find enough information for your term paper, it is necessary to process all the sources to gain maximum value from them. In order to do that in the best way possible, you may: Sort everything out according to the aspect they are related to; Read carefully through the important sources and skim less significant ones to save time; Compare all the writers’ statements with your own assumptions and make conclusions; Form new judgments after processing all the data and analyze how they have changed from your initial opinions. These steps will help you to review all the materials closely and not to lose any important details. So, use our instructions to handle the sources. How to Arrange the Structure of a Classic English Literature Term Paper After choosing the topic and working through the sources that you have, you need to think about planning your actual writing, and outlining is the best way to do it most effectively. But before we proceed to different drafting techniques, you need to know the typical structure of a literary term paper. We will stop on each part separately to cover all the details and give you as much significant information as possible. Title Page The first page of you writing work should be formatted according to the citation style you need to follow, and must contain your university name, department, class types, supervisor/professor, your name, paper title, submission date and winter/summer term. Table of Contents This part has to show the reader the internal structure of the paper – chapters, subchapters together with the relevant page numbers. Works cited and introduction should also be included while the title pager and table of contents are not enumerated. Introduction While in the essay you need to produce an introduction the size of a paragraph, in the term paper the introduction should be almost the size of an essay. There are many important elements that it should consist of: Topic explanation and problems it raises; The limits of your research (define the scope of your exploration); The value of the questions you will answer in your work; Methods used to analyze the information; Your strategy applied to respond to the questions; Planned targets; Etc. In short, you need to present a brief overview of everything you will write about in the term paper. The task is not easy, but pretty much doable if you dedicate enough time to its completion. Main Body This is exactly the place to include all your chapters and subchapters. Each of them will consist of a small introduction, main text and specific conclusion. But the main things to remember while dealing with the biggest part of your literature term paper are that you must answer all the questions that you posed in the intro, and prove your thesis statement. Conclusion Provide your readers with a concise summary of information that has come out of your answers and research. Don’t forget to discuss different applications of the results of your research (how your findings are useful for the field of study) as well as mention other perspectives for the further exploration. As for the works cited, make sure that you’ve taken into account all the formatting details while organizing the referencing list. 3 Best Outlining Techniques to Go for When You Need to Plan Your Writing Outlining is a draft of your future table of contents, and it is crucial for a quicker creation of your term paper. Without a step-by-step plan you will get distracted from the process because you will simply need to invent ideas for writing. But with an outline of any sort you will have a clear direction with hints that will assist you in dealing with topics that must be covered. So, there are 3 best outlining types that are most suitable for literature term papers, and they are: Temporal – you take notes about the beginning (introduction, first chapters, etc.), climax (the most significant part where you lay all the cards on the table) and end (finishing chapters and conclusion). Logical – take all the facts that you discovered during your research, analyze their causes and aftermaths. Rhetorical – you build a kind of mind map where your starting point is your topic (general subject). You divide it into smaller parts and draw connections between them, or do it vice versa. No matter which technique you will choose, make sure that you make notes as detailed as possible so that you won’t need to return to the sources just to understand what you’ve written. Additional Stylistic Tips to Polish a Term Paper in Literature When you have done all the preparations, there are no more excuses to postpone the writing process. Further on, the success of you writing assignment depends purely on you, and we have done everything possible to show you the right way and tune you in the proper mood. In the end, we would like to give you the stylistic tips that will be really helpful in refining your term paper. Here you go! Avoid being sarcastic or ironic because besides the fact that it can be inappropriate, it will add no value to your research. Make sure your sentences are of proper length – this one is quite hard to determine, but the main criteria are that the sentences must be not too long and not too short. Read them out loud and if you lose the thread of sense while reading them, divide the long sentences/constructions. Create one paragraph for one thought – don’t try to discuss many statements in one piece because it will be hard to perceive. Don’t stuff your writing with specialized terms or foreign lexemes just to look smarter; firstly, you can use them in the wrong sense, secondly, your aim is to lay out the material in an understandable manner, and those terms will not serve you well in this. Stay away from the informal language, colloquial phrases or contractions – this is an academic style, so don’t forget about it. Use present tense to express your thoughts, talk about the research and state of affairs; minimize the past tense in your writing. Don’t leave the titles of next chapters at the bottom of the previous pages – write them on new pages. We hope that our pieces of advice, hints and suggestions will help you score the grade that you hope for. We wish you luck and patience to dedicate enough hours for this writing assignment. Take care! Classic English Literature Term Paper Writing Tips from Our Service: Key Directions on How to Choose a Topic Tip #1. Many historical and literary works include allusions. These often make a great thesis. Use them. Tip #2. An author is always behind every text you read. Study how the author and his works evolved and matured over time. Tip #3. Compare 2 characters in different novels by the same writer. It will be extremely interesting to spot the similarities which often happen to be numerous.

Syndetonâ€Definition and Examples

Syndetons Syndeton is a  rhetorical term for a sentence style in which words, phrases, or clauses are joined by conjunctions (usually and). A construction that uses many conjunctions is called polysyndetic. Examples and Observations At the marina, rain, and steam rising from the bay shrouded boats and birds, and made the few scurrying people indistinct.Blaize Clement, Raining Cat Sitters and Dogs. Minotaur Books, 2010I crawled back under the cover of the boat and huddled there, wet, cold and sobbing.Sam McKinney, Sailing Uphill. Touchwood, 2010The fine rain made a desolate, even sound like breathing in the pinewoods, and below, milky layers of mist covered the lake, and were stained here and there by the darkness of the water beneath.Elizabeth Bowen, Salon des DamesYou are talking to a man who has laughed in the face of death, sneered at doom, and chuckled at catastrophe.The Wizard in The Wizard of Oz, 1939Rain on all the silent streets and squares, alleys and courts, gardens and churchyards and stone steps and nooks and crannies of the city.Susan Hill, The Mist in the Mirror. Sinclair-Stevenson, 1992 Polysyndeton​​ He and Rawlins had unsaddled the horses and turned them out in the dark and they were lying on the saddle blankets and using the saddles for pillows. The night was cold and clear and the sparks rising from the fire raced hot and red among the stars. They could hear the trucks out on the highway and they could see the lights of the town reflected off the desert fifteen miles to the north.Cormac McCarthy, All the Pretty Horses. Alfred A. Knopf, 1992 Marking Coordination Coordination is usually but not invariably marked by one or more coordinators. Three patterns to be distinguished are shown in (6): (6) i SIMPLE SYNDETIC You need [celery, apples, walnuts, and grapes].(6) ii POLYSYNDETIC You need [celery and apples and walnuts and grapes].(6) iii ASYNDETIC You need [celery, apples, walnuts, grapes]. The major contrast is between syndetic coordination, which contains at least one coordinator, and asyndetic coordination, which does not. In constructions with more than two coordinates, there is a further contrast within syndetic coordination between the default simple syndetic, which has a single coordinator marking the final coordinate, and polysyndetic, where all non-initial coordinates are marked by a coordinator (which must be the same for all of them). The coordinator forms a constituent with the coordinator which follows: we refer to expressions like and grapes as an expanded coordinate, with grapes itself a bare coordinate.Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, Coordination and Subordination. The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April M. S. McMahon. Blackwell, 2006

Advantages and disadvantages of presumptive test Essay

Advantages and disadvantages of presumptive test - Essay Example Presumptive test yields immediate results to the testing staff. The staff therefore acquires instant snapshots of results and consequently decides on whether to issue a normal remedy or not (Paik 2011 p. 78). It is imperative that the test enables forensic drug tests to identify the possibility of a particular drug substance. Presumptive test applies principles of gas chromatography in isolating suspected drug from a given sample of blood. The second advantage that comes with presumptive test is that it helps forensic drug test technicians to narrow down possibilities in the suspected substance (Grine & Rackley 2010, p.14). After narrowing down the number of possible tests, technicians can easily decide on which particular test to conduct rather than use of many unguided trial and error experiments. Limiting number of possible test is beneficial to an organization in terms of resource allocation and time. Similarly, presumptive tests help to minimize the amount of materials and test reagents that trial and error tests would have absorbed.Forensic drug test technicians benefits from ability of presumptive tests to identify evidences that naked eyes may fail to see. Ability to reveal chemical properties of sample analyte results from use of various chemicals such as barium chloride reagent, potassium hydroxide and silver nitrate reagent (Paik 2011, p. 78). These reagents give technicians specific observable results that enable them to observe what naked eyes cannot observe.

The Contemporary Issues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Contemporary Issues in Marketing - Essay Example There are thousands of books for marketing in the recent time, but do all of these books say the same thing in a different manner? Or these books are not at all applicable in the real life? Well, this paper reveals the major contemporary issues of these marketing books in a descriptive manner. The great virtue of marketing management is, that it is bound to change and evolve over time, developing newer strategies and theories which may benefit the marketing of products, and ultimately help in improving human lives in the process. Such improvements and evolution of marketing concepts and theories; play a key role in enhancing the quality of our lives by making more and more products and services accessible to us. However, marketing is a huge functional entity which comprise of various branches. The contemporary issues of marketing include the manner in which products and services are marketed, in an ethical manner and the use of technology as a new-age marketing strategy. This paper w ill discuss all the contemporary issues which are important to improve the product. ... This paper will be focusing on all the aspects as well as issues related to contemporary marketing. Furthermore, other critical issues such as the traditional and modern marketing approaches as well as the involvement of the technologies; the ethical aspects of the Marketing are also discussed comprehensively, in this paper. This paper will help the reader to understand the contemporary definition and the approaches of marketing in the modern era. Introduction: There are thousands of books for marketing in the recent time, but do all of these books say the same thing in a different manner? Or these books are not at all applicable in the real life? Well, this paper reveals the major contemporary issues of these marketing books in a descriptive manner. The great virtue of marketing management is, that it is bound to change and evolve over time, developing newer strategies and theories which may benefit the marketing of products, and ultimately help in improving human lives in the proce ss. Such improvements and evolution of marketing concepts and theories; play a key role in enhancing the quality of our lives by making more and more products and services accessible to us. However, marketing is a huge functional entity which comprise of various branches. The contemporary issues of marketing include the manner in which products and services are marketed, in an ethical manner and the use of technology as a new-age marketing strategy. This paper will discuss all the contemporary issues which are important to improve the product. The concept of marketing and its components: Definition: Marketing is an age-old phenomenon and it comprises of various critical

Discuss critically Paul's treat of grace in chapter 6 of Romans Essay

Discuss critically Paul's treat of grace in chapter 6 of Romans - Essay Example The epistle thus introduces grace based on the fact that human beings and sin are acquaintances, yet there is salvation that comes from the grace of God, but it is a choice. In this chapter, Paul acknowledges that sin has to be absolved by God for one to have a chance in eternal life, but it is not mandatory that grace is offered, yet it does not give one a free pass to the sweetness of sin. Based in Paul’s approach to grace and sin, the latter is quite compelling and is associated with a life that has earthly pleasures, which should not be what a Christian aspires due to the repercussions that are associated with engaging in the acts that contradict the life of a Christian and Christianity principles1. Analysis The introduction of grace in the Christian life is based on the choices an individual makes. Sin as described by Paul is unavoidable and Christians shall find themselves in it, but through grace, a Christian can be saved from sin and gain eternal life. The chapter addr esses sin as a life of slavery and Paul goes on to further states that without proper knowledge and insight, it would be impossible to live a life devoid of sin. The epistle faults humanity and introduces the element of human weakness in saying that â€Å"we are dead to that master† (6: 7& 8), which is a life of sin. ... The context of the epistle is trying to establish a logical flow that paints salvation as a process where the Christian has to make choices. The choices that are made in a Christian’s life have spiritual consequences as painted by Paul. Though we are given the ability to choose and dominion over God’s creations, we have an obligation to him. Part of that obligation as suggested by Paul is avoiding sin. This abstinence from sin is based on the idea that the body, being earthly shall compel us to sin. The body shall be compelled to the evil desires since it is mortal, but as a Christian, one should rely on the spiritual to avoid falling trap to the associations of sin. The grace of God can save our spiritual form, although Paul does not create a great disparity between body and soul. In grace then our spiritual being shall have the capability of putting up defense against the challenge of earthly desires. Grace is important to Christian life since as Paul describes the bo dy has an influence on the spirit and the spiritual being shall suffer from the transgressions of the body3. The Christian thus must make a decision as to whether their preference lays in being an instrument of righteousness or the contrasting wickedness. As discussed by Paul, life consists of several challenges, which are earthly and are part of what can be described as sin. Every Christian shall face challenges in life which should be overcome through staunch faith and living in the footprints of Christ. Different parameters of earthly life contribute to the choices one makes and contribute to spiritual and bodily adherence to Christianity. Conversion to Christianity involves several steps that must get the believer to accept

Free Will, Determinism and Moral Responsibility Term Paper

Free Will, Determinism and Moral Responsibility - Term Paper Example The paper tells that on one hand, free will can be defined as an ability that an individual harnesses or on the other, free will can be constructed as a possession inherent in a person. The reasoning faculty of humans facilitates and empowers free will. Causal events are attributed to the exercise and natural outcomes of free will. If rational human actions are assumed to arise from free will, then that would mean that free will is contingent on those events. That position leads to the belief that a person acting freely essentially manifests the working of his or her free will. The implications of free will are moral responsibility, legal accountability and self-determinism. Self-determinism is a principle founded on free will and self-influenced decision and action. In religion, the possession and exercise of free will places man in a position to either follow the divine will or go against it. Free will makes man liable for his choices and answerable to an authority. Free will also frees man to a certain extent from passivity of man, seing that he is characterized an active moral agent who can make changes in his life and that of others. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes asserts this theory by stating that all free-willed actions are based or influenced by external factors compelling an individual to act. However, one might dispute this approach because these actions are spurred by two distinct types of freedom: freedom of will and freedom of action. The disparity between freedom of will and freedom of action in the context of causality is underlined by the fact that agents can have free will but no freedom of action.3 For example, if a person wants to go to the store and buy an item at the mall, he or she is free to do so. However, if the said individual is tied fast to a chair or does not have the money to buy anything, these conditions directly hinder his liberty to act on his free will. The individual still has the free will to steal the item or attempt to break f ree from restraint. According to Hobbes’ theory, external factors such as the person’s pressing necessity for that item or someone else’s request have influenced the individual to come to the decision to go to the mall. In both cases, the individual retains the free will to execute the action, nevertheless agencies outside the individual’s control impacts on the final outcome. The fundamental question here is the leveling of responsibility at an individual for actions arising not from his own free will, but from exterior environmental factors over which he has no control. The simple answer would be these individuals are not responsible for their actions, however unpopular this view may be. If one were to introduce a system of reward and punishment to instigate or control action, then, no one can be praised or blamed owing to the incentive or disincentive. 4 However, an exception to Hobbes’ theory lies in the premise of causal determinism proposed b y the British analytic philosopher Galen Strawson. The premise implies that current events are fixed outcomes since events are actuated by a cause and the cause

Spoken and Written Language, the Dual Route Model Case Study

Spoken and Written Language, the Dual Route Model - Case Study Example 1197). Thus, Coltheart and Rastle attempt to offer evidence to the utility of dual-route theory in analyzing the reading performance of young normal readers as well as children with reading impairment. Another significant article on the applicability of dual-route theory, Rapcsak, et al. offer establish with evidences that dual-route equation as well as a related multiple regression model can â€Å"accurately predict both reading and spelling performance in adult neurological patients with acquired alexia and agraphia. These findings provide empirical support for dual-route theories of written language processing.† (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan, and Beeson, 2007, p. 2519). Therefore, both the articles deal with the effectiveness of dual-route models to analyze the reading performance of people with reading impairment, although the strategy as well as the focus of these articles differs. It is essential to realize that both the articles deal with scientific studies about th e usefulness of dual-route models and they offer detailed information about the participants of the study, including the age, speech and language abilities, cognitive status of the participants, etc. In short, the articles deal with a common topic, i.e.

Terrorism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Terrorism - Term Paper Example Its history has been long and significant. This paper shall now seek to study and trace the history of terrorism in America. First, a general overview of the significant events in American terrorism shall be discussed. Secondly, a more specific discussion of relevant terrorism attacks in America shall be carried out. Lastly, this paper shall be summarized and concluded with specific points of discussion for future studies. This paper is being carried out in order to establish a clear picture of terrorism in America. It is being conducted as a means of understanding the patterns of attacks as well as the impact of these events in the life of the American people. Body Overview Terrorism in the United States is said to be caused by the various issues and conflicts which exist within and outside its borders. The country is a unique country because of its ability to contain the masses in a state of relative peace and harmony (Kelly, 2012). On further evaluation, terrorism in America is bo rne out of an extreme distrust of the American democratic ideals and of the illusion that people from varied backgrounds can all live loyally under the US political system (Kelly, 2012). In effect, despite significant variations in the expressions of terrorism, terrorism in the US can sometimes be explained as a violent claim on American values. The distrust is based on various expressions from different groups and in different time periods. The earliest manifestation of terrorism was seen in the early republic time period. The Boston Tea Party is an incident which is not considered terrorism in the technical sense (Kelly, 2012). The incident was a staged rebellion launched by colonists as a means of pressuring Britain into shifting its policies on the US (Kelly, 2012). Although this incident is not significantly violent, it can be placed in the category of terrorism as it was an act which sought to secure the goals and styles of national liberation groups. After the Civil War, terr orism came in the form of white supremacy movements and activities. The first form of terrorism seen in the United States was based on the ideals and activities of white supremacists (Kelly, 2012). These supremacists were Protestant Christians who believed that they were superior to other races and ethnicities and that general society must also exhibit such superiority. Before the Civil War, American society displayed such supremacy, especially as slavery was a legal practice (Kelly, 2012). Only after the Civil War ended was slavery made illegal, and white supremacy was soon to emerge. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was the most infamous white supremacist group formed. This group used various means of terrorism and harmful activities against African-Americans and other sympathetic whites (Kelly, 2012). This group was later outlawed by Congress and the group branded as terrorists. Various incarnations of the group have become apparent over the years and various similar violent and terrorist acts have been perpetuated by these incarnations. The Ku Klux Klan still exists, but in a less violent fashion, however it has since grown in membership and continues to support its white supremacist ideals, not just against African-Americans, but against other minorities as well, including Asians, Arabs, and Jews. The Bolshevik revolution which later led to the establishment of the Soviet Union had a significant impact on revolutionaries all over the world, including America (Kelly, 2012). The

Spoken and Written Language, the Dual Route Model Case Study

Spoken and Written Language, the Dual Route Model - Case Study Example 1197). Thus, Coltheart and Rastle attempt to offer evidence to the utility of dual-route theory in analyzing the reading performance of young normal readers as well as children with reading impairment. Another significant article on the applicability of dual-route theory, Rapcsak, et al. offer establish with evidences that dual-route equation as well as a related multiple regression model can â€Å"accurately predict both reading and spelling performance in adult neurological patients with acquired alexia and agraphia. These findings provide empirical support for dual-route theories of written language processing.† (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan, and Beeson, 2007, p. 2519). Therefore, both the articles deal with the effectiveness of dual-route models to analyze the reading performance of people with reading impairment, although the strategy as well as the focus of these articles differs. It is essential to realize that both the articles deal with scientific studies about th e usefulness of dual-route models and they offer detailed information about the participants of the study, including the age, speech and language abilities, cognitive status of the participants, etc. In short, the articles deal with a common topic, i.e.

The Half Brothers Essay Example for Free

The Half Brothers Essay The two short stories The Half Brothers and News of the Engagement differ in terms of tone and emotional feeling between a mother and son and the authors portray this in different ways, however they both use the theme of widows and marriage. News of the Engagement differs from The Half Brothers in many ways. The author in News of the Engagement uses a completely different tone to the other short story. Its tone is slightly humorous and self-mocking. The mother states, Thats Mrs Dawsons new servant, but she neednt think Im going to lend her my best, because Im not. I shouldnt if I were you I supported her. This shows a short of kind and loving bond between the mother and son, at the same time with a sense of happiness about them. There is also a sense of intimacy and shared experience between them. The relationship between the mother and son in News of the Engagement is also very open and nothing is kept from each other. The son discusses, She knew all my friends by name. This shows that they never kept anything from each other. However it also shows that the mother was protective, as she knew of everybody that her son mixed with, inferring that as a mother she felt it was important that she protected her son. The relationship between the mother and son from the outside seems perfect and faultless. However it really is not like that. Even though the mother and son think that they know everything about each other they really do not. The son notes, I was all that my mother had. This shows that the son felt that all his mother had was him and that she had no other feeling for anybody else, but really she did. He did not believe that she would be able to love somebody ever again, because of what she had been through in the past, but he forgot that she was also a human who could have feelings for other people as well. It shows that he is self-centred and unconcerned with his mothers feelings. The son declares, I liked Mr Nixon, but I was not too well pleased by this information, for I wanted to talk confidentially to my mother. This is a great example of the son being completely self-centred. The thought that his mum may have had something to tell him important did not even cross his mind. The love between the mother and son is very clear in News of the Engagement. The son states, I said nothing about my own engagement that night. I had never thought of my mother as a woman with a future. I had never realised that she was desirable, and that a man might desire her and that her lonely existence in that house was not all that she had the right to demand from life. This shows that even though the son is selfish and self-centred and did not believe, up until now, that his mother had a life to live, he still does not mention anything about his engagement. This is because he would rather let his mother be the woman of the moment, instead of him spoiling it with his news. This shows the great love he has for his mother. The tone of The Half Brothers is completely different to the one of News of the Engagement. It is very sad, regretful, remorseful and confessional. The little sister dies very early in the story, which basically sets the tone for the rest of the story. The relationship between the mother and the son was one of true love. The son does not really know his mother, because she died so early in his life but it is clear that there is a very loving feeling between them. We know that the love between the son and the mother is so great, because he gives up his life so that he can see her. This also shows the strong bond between the mother and son and their his willingness to do anything in his power to see his mother. One night Gregorys half brother does not return from an errand of his fathers and Gregory goes out onto the moors to find him. He does so and gives up his own life in order to save his half brother. All this was done out of love for his mother and brother. Gregory was thought to be the idiot in his family and his mother was the only person who loved him. This is something that brought him and his mother even closer, because he was not liked by anybody else apart from his mother and Adam the shepherd, however Adam the shepherd was not someone he could turn to in a serious crisis. When his mother died his love grew even more towards his mother. Overall I feel that the two short stories have some similarities in the way the author writes about the theme of mothers and sons, but there are also many differences between them both. In News of the Engagement the author portrays the theme of mother and sons with a slight sense of humour and in The Half Brothers the author portrays the theme of mothers and sons on a sad and more serious note. The tones of the two stories are also very different, because News of the Engagement has a lighthearted tone, whereas The Half Brothers has a sombre melancholy and remorseful tone. They both show the tremendous love between the mothers and sons, which is something that can be recognised between nearly every mother and son. In both of the short stories the mothers are widows and get married again. However in News of the Engagement the mother marries a man out of free will and in The Half Brothers the mother is forced into marriage, because of her poor financial situation. This would have affected the sons in different ways. The son in News of the Engagement was brought up by his mother and the son in The Half Brothers was brought up by his father. Overall the two short stories do deal with the theme of mothers and sons, but mainly in very different ways.

Growth Hormone In Tooth Development Health And Social Care Essay

Growth Hormone In Tooth Development Health And Social Care Essay Tooth development is the process where teeth are formed from the developing tooth bud, growing and maturing until it erupts into the mouth. This process is known as odontogenesis. There are several stages to odontogenesis which include the development of the tooth bud and the formation of hard tissue (Thesleff 2006). Within this paper, I will be discussing whether growth hormone has an effect on the development of the tooth bud and formation of hard tissue (in particular enamel and dentine formation). Growth hormone (GH) is produced by the pituitary gland, which is stimulated or inhibited by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin respectively in the hypothalamus. GH stimulates the liver, for the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) (Laron et al citied by Laron Z. 2001); this has an effect on bones (particularly long bones) and muscles and other tissue growth. Gotz el al (2006) says that IGFs are growth factors controlling pre- and post natal development and growth processes. Furthermore, IGF-1 and GH are able to induce bone morpogenic proteins (BMP) messenger RNA (mRNA), in particular BMP-2 and 4 mRNA(Li et al 1998). The study that was carried out showed that GH and IGF-1 increased the production of BMP-2 mRNA by up to 5-fold and BMP-4 mRNA by up to 4-fold. In the developing tooth bud, there are four main stages; these include: the bud stage, the cap stage, the bell stage and crown stage. Figure 1: A schematic drawing of the bud stage the arrow shows the formation of the tooth bud (tb) within the dental lamina (dl) where dental mesenchyme (dm) has condensed around the tooth bud (Adapted from Joseph et al 1994) dl dm The bud stage is the tooth bud appearance, however, there is no arrangement of the cells figure 1 illustrates this stage showing that this stage is just a group of cells by the dental lamina. Li and colleagues (1998) carried out a study which showed that BMP-4 mRNA was present in the dental epithelium during this stage until the cap stage. This suggests that BMP-4 is needed for the cells so that they are able to combine and form the dental papilla from this unorganised arrangement. In addition to this, GH and its receptor was reported to be involved in allow process like induction, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, cellular proliferation (Zhang et al 1997). The study was able to show that GH was present at embryonic day 17/18 in the rat, which represents the bud stage of odontogenesis in the rat. However, a study conducted by Zhang and colleagues (1992) brought up a very important point. This being that the pituitary gland is still forming when tooth bud formation occurs. Thus, if the gland is still forming, GH would not be able to play a role during the bud stage. Therefore, it is possible that a GH-like molecule might be involved during the bud stage; however, it has not been confirmed. The cap stage is when ectomesenchymal cells combine and become the dental papilla. Additionally, the tooth bud begins to grow around the ectomesenchymal cells, combine producing a cap appearance and becomes the dental (or enamel) organ. Eventually the dental papilla will produce dentine (and pulp) and the enamel organ will produce enamel. It is shown that during the cap stage numerous cells of the dental epithelium and mesenchyme were intensely immunoreactive for GH (Zhang et al 1997). This suggests that GH is involved in the formation of the enamel organ and dental papilla, which are needed to form enamel and dentine respectively. Furthermore, studies (Joseph et al 1994) found out that GH receptors were Figure 2: A schematic drawing of the late cap stage showing the dental follicle (df) containing the dental/enamel organ and dental papilla (dp). The dental/enamel organ is starting to differentiate into the outer dental epithelium (ode) and inner dental epithelium (ide). (Adapted fro m Joseph et al 1994) dp expressed in the epithelium (where the enamel organ is located) and also in ectomesenchymal cells (where the dental papilla is located). Thus, showing that the receptors for GH are present indicating that GH is able to activate the receptors which are needed to activate the cells. This evidence both support the idea that GH is needed for the differentiation of ectomesenchymal cells to form the dental papilla and dental organ. Figure Figure 3: A schematic drawing of the bell stage: Differentiation of the dental/enamel organ and dental papilla (dp) occurs. The enamel oragn differentiates into the outer dental epithelium (ode), inner dental epithelium (ide), stellate reticulum (sr) and stellate intermedium (si). The dental papilla differentiates into the outer and central mesenchymal cells of the dental/enamel organ. The bell stage (named because the dental organ is shaped as a bell) is when histodifferentiation and morphodifferentiation of the dental papilla and enamel organ take place. Joseph and his colleagues (1994) showed that in the early period of the bell stage, there is growth of the dental organ, as cubical inner epithelium differentiates into columnar cells. Additionally, immunoreacitivity for GH receptor/binding protein found that the outer and inner enamel epithelium and stratum intermedium were positive, signifying that the growth hormone receptor is involved in the differentiation of the enamel organ. This in turn allows the inner enamel epithelium to differentiate into ameoblasts, outer enamel epithelium to provide a protective barrier during enamel production and finally, stratum intermedium is needed for enamel production to occur. However, the dental papilla and stellate reticulum were negative for immunoreactivity of GH receptor/binding protein. This suggests that dental papil la does not need GH to differentiate nor does the stellate reticulum which is needed as support for enamel production. The tables below (table 1 and 2) summarises the immunoreactivity expression of growth hormone at various stages of tooth development, including the bud and cap stage. It is clearly shown that in the stages for developing tooth germ, GH, its receptor and binding protein are expressed in various cells throughout the stages. Table : Immunoreactivity expressed in the epithelium of a embryonic rat mandible showing the presence of GH, GH receptor and GH binding protein during embryonic day 17, 16, 20/21 and post natal day 9. The results are recorded show the intensity of the expression: +++ STRONG, ++ MODERATE, + MILD +/- EQUIVOCAL (Zhang et al 1997) Table 2: Immunoreactivity expressed in the mesenchyme of a embryonic rat mandible showing the presence of GH, GH receptor and GH binding protein during embryonic day 17, 16, 20/21 and post natal day 9. The results are recorded show the intensity of the expression: +++ STRONG, ++ MODERATE, + MILD +/- EQUIVOCAL (Zhang et al 1997)The finally stage of the developing tooth bud is the crown (or maturation) stage. This is when the hard tissue (enamel and dentine) start to develop. Thus, the inner enamel epithelial cells start to change shape and differentiate into ameloblasts and the dental papilla changes in both size and shape and differentiate into odontoblasts to form dentine. This leads to the two processes commonly known as amelogenesis (formation of enamel) and dentinogenesis (formation of dentine). Symons et al (2000) showed that there immunoreactivity of the IGF-1 receptor present during the maturation of the ameloblasts. Thus, it indicates that IGF-1 (via its receptor) is involved during amelogenesis. This shows that IGF-1 is needed for the ameloblasts to remove organic material and water (Nanci et al 1987), with increased flux of calcium and phosphate ions (Borke et al 1993) Caviedes-Bucheli et al (2009) study was investigating real time PCR in mouse pulp cultures. The found out that IGF-1 can enhance the mineralisation of enamel ( dentine). The way it was able to do this was by inducing expressions of specific genes (Caton et al 2005) In addition to is, Caton et al (2005) was investigating the effect that IGF-1 would have on tooth development in vitro. The results showed that the samples treated with IGF-1 had an increased enamel extracellular matrix, when compared to the control samples. This shows that there is increased enamel and dentine when IGF-1 was present, indicating that IGF-1 has a positive effect on the enamel and dentine formation. The majority of the studies show the presence of GH and its receptor within cells. Smid and colleagues (2007) carried out an experiment when mouse molar teeth had a GH deficiency. The results shows that when there is a deficiency the crown dimensions were affected as the total crown area and the mesiodistal width at the cement-enamel junction (CEJ) was significantly smaller, when compared to when GH was present. This indicates that GH is needed to ensure growth of the tooth enamel and dentine, and when there is a deficiency, it affected the size of molar teeth. Crown formation is finished when the inner enamel epithelium and outer enamel epithelium forms a double layers of HERS. This starts to proliferate apically and starts root morphogenesis. Yamashiro et al (2003) found out that BMP-2, -3, -4 and -7 were expressed during root formation and was associated with the differentiation of hard tissues. In particular, BMP-4 and -7 were expressed in ameloblasts which indicate that they are needed for formation of enamel. Furthermore, expression of BMP-4 was also noted in cementoblasts which is needed for the production of primary acellular cementum and secondary cellular cementum (where acellular cementum is found on the cervical third and middle of the roots and attaches to principle fibres in the periodontal ligament and cellular cementum is located on the apical third of the root Cho Grant 2000 citied in Yamashiro et al 2003). The purpose of the cementum, which is a thin layer of mineralised tissue, is to attach the periodontal ligament in the gingiva to the surface of the root (Smid et al 2004) One of the final stages of tooth development is the eruption of the tooth. Studies were carried out on rat incisor teeth which showed that when the incisor tooth erupted, IGF-1 was expressed in the odontoblasts and ameloblasts, as well as its receptor (Joseph et al 1993, 1994, 1996 citied in Fukunaga et al 2008). Thus the evidence suggests that IGF-1 is needed during the final stages of the amelogenesis and dentinogenesis. A major limitation within the researching of the papers was the fact that experiments and studies were carried out on rat teeth. Thus, there teeth are not the same to human teeth. Moreover, a small proportion of the papers were based on human teeth, were the study was carried out on teeth belonging to people with a defect (for example Fukunaga et al 2008 had their study carried out on a patient with leprechaunism). However, from researching the papers, it is evident that GH or GH-like molecules (like IGF-1 and BMP 2 and 4) are present within the different stages of odontogenesis, depicts the lack of information relating to human teeth. Evidence has shown that expression during various stages of tooth development. Furthermore, when there is a deficiency of GH, there are changes within the tooth structure when erupted. Thus, I can conclude that GH does play a role in tooth development, in particular during the tooth germ stages, amelogenesis and dentinogenesis. However, more research n eeds to be conducted to clearly show GH expression and its role in human teeth during its development pre and postnatal.