Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay

Nursing is an occupation that work with people of all ages, cultural background and lifestyle to help them accomplish the highest level of care possible. They play an important role in society as well as in economy since they are the ones that provide care to people with illness and not capable to take care of themselves. Recent studies demonstrate that population of nurses is declining and hospitals are desperately struggling to keep hold of their current nurses. Shortages in nurses are definitely shocking , given that the evolving population require skilled nurses to take of them throughout their desperate times. A nursing shortage is determined when the amount of nurses being retired and the amount of nurses entering the nursing field is not the equivalent. Nurses educate people to support and sustain their own wellness and to avoid illness. Research studies have shown that majority of US citizen are overweight, and unhealthy. This study demonstrates major cause to promote more to enter nursing field since there are so many diseases on the rise like obesity cause people to have diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pleasure, and other harmful qualities, cancer, heart attacks etc. If rate of nurses keep dropping, patients would have to wait longer to treatment and there will be lot of patients that are being admitted in the hospital. People with severe conditions will have to wait for long time before the nurses can attend them, which could result in either death or other serious condition since most of the operations that saves a person’s life happens in a millisecond. A second can mean life or death to the patient’s existence. Nurse turnover is the description given to nurses that quit, or terminated from nursing industry over the nurses that join it (Huber, 2010). High standards, hard labor, major skills, and high education are various factors that cause nurse turnover to increase over the past few years. This paper will be focusing over the causes of nurse turn over and solution to resolve issue from a leader’s stance than a manager’s point of view. Comparing and Contrasting the Approach of Nursing and Manger Nurses and a supervising manager make up the essence of every nursing association. The manager is in charge and is given the opportunity to make a difference in the work environment. The managers have many goals, including directing, teaching, and encouraging the nurses and staff. By doing this, those under the manager can achieve more on a professional level, while being satisfied with their career. Even though the managers might not have much of a status in certain hospitals and work environments, they still strive to encourage and influence critical settlements. A manager must always be supportive of the nurses and staff. There are some work environments where the managers always provide help and advice. It is very difficult for nurses to stay in the field and work when their manager does not show respect or satisfaction towards their efforts. Thus, the manager must not only be responsible for critical decision making, but the happiness and motivation of the employees. Even though the nurses are in charge of their patients, the manager is the one who overlooks both the patients, nurses, and staff. To be a nursing leader, one must direct the nurses, employees, and other staff members throughout all situations. Their personality must be one that is knowledgeable, strict and fair. They must be able to lead others, take care of monetary issues, and talk with different types of people. Nursing leaders must also have great people skills. This includes taking with fellow employees and overcoming language obstacles. An important example is conducting interview sessions with different types of people and being able to make conclusions on their personalities, as well as grading the individual based on their ethical values. A nursing leader should also be able to provide an enjoyable territory in a difficult environment. This can be completed by organizing and arranging everything from budget costs to special occasions. In this way, a nurse can have something to look forward to after they have finished taking care of their patient. The nursing leader can also help raise money to help those around them by hosting fundraisers. By advocating the study of nursing, a nursing leader can conserve the nurses and staff in the work environment. They can promote the career of nursing to the younger generation. For example, there have been recent articles discussing problems between the United States of America and Syria. If there is a possibility of a war, the United States must have many nurses to help with the crisis. Thus, promoting the nursing career is crucial because it will be very beneficial. One way this can be completed is by having the nursing manager step up as a role model to the younger generation. Another possibility is to publicize the career to those who are still studying in college with undeclared majors. Personal and Professional Beliefs of Nursing Nursing is a profession that concentrates on the desires of others and taking care of patients that need professional care. Nurses are believed to provide holistic care for the patients as it is the finest method to heal a patient quicker. Nurses deserve respect for the work they perform on a daily basis basis. Over the past few years, media have been demonstrating false illustration of nurses. The famous TV series known as Gray’s Anatomy is a perfect example of the misleading ideas about hardworking nurses. Even though its purpose is to entertain people, people take it seriously. As by the writer the best to contradict the declining rates of nurse turnover is to prove good leadership skills, people skills, financial skills, and quality care skills. Conclusion Over the past few years the number of nurse turnover has amplified. As we all know, nurses play an significant role in culture, physically mentally and financially in the United States as well as in other countries. Hospital and clinics are trying hard to hold onto their nurses because the number of nurses joining the medical field is declining. In order to convey more people to enter medical field, one must educate the rising students about the benefits about being a nurse and how they affect the society. Another technique is using advertisement to as way to encourage people to enter medical field. Using these strategy, it can help the medical field increase population of nurses. Reference Huber, D.L., (2010). Leadership and Nursing Care Management, (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders, 092009, retrieved from http://www.gcu.edu Steven T. Hunt, (2009) Nursing Turnover: Costs, Causes, & Solutions, Success factors for Healthcare retrieved from www.nmlegis.gov/lcs/handouts/LHHS%20081312%20NursingTurnover.pdf View as multi-pages

Recording analysing and using HR information Essay

The below note will give you a brief information about the way the organisation’s approach to collecting, sorting and using HR data. This was divided into the following: 1) Two reasons why the organization needs to collect HR data: a) â€Å"to be able to retrieve information whenever it is needed. For example each organisation has to keep accurate records or information of their employees in order to be able to use this information for planning ahead (†¦) b) a legal requirement, for instance in order to be able to make accurate tax returns to the government† [1] 2) Two types of data that is collected within the organization and how each supports HR practices: a) sickness records: this type of data/report may be collected periodically (monthly or quarterly) and compared or analysed against each employee’s attendance records. This helps the human resources to manage the attendance record of the organisation accurately and inform line managers of the constant attendance offenders (†¦) b) the contact details for each employee especially home address. This is essential if a correspondence needs to be sent out to each employee, such as contract, payslips, pensions† [2] 3) A description of at least two methods of sorting records and the benefits of each: a) manual method: â€Å"paper-based items such as employees’ original application forms, contracts of employment and any other documentation – letters, references, and so on – that relate to employment. Such records should be systematically field for security purposes and ease of access to authorized users. (†¦) b) electronically method: (†¦) not only can absence turnover, pay and training be monitored easily, but specific programs on human resource planning, psychometric testing, employee development and appraisals can be used to help make relevant decisions. Databases containing employee details can be a real time-saver when it comes to working out pay awards, statistics on how many people have been trained who is due for retirement and so on (†¦) Both of those methods help in strategic decision-making, support services to line managers, (†¦) provides information when decisions need to be made about the future of an individual employee† [3] 4) A statement of at least two essential items of UK legislation relating to the recording, storage and accessibility of HR data a) Data Protection Act (1998) â€Å"processed fairly and lawfully and shall not be processed unless certain conditions are met obtained only for specified and lawful purposes adequate, relevant and not excessive (†¦) accurate and up to date kept for no longer than in necessary processed in accordance with the rights granted under the DPA98 kept securely not transferred to a country without adequate data protection†[4] b) Freedom of Information Act 2000: â€Å"provides public access to information held by public authorities. It does this in two ways: Public authorities are obliged to publish certain information about their activities; and Members of the public are entitled to request information from public authorities.† [5] Part B493 This section analyses Absence Management in Private Sector in 2014. The information is based on the CIPD Survey Report, published in November 2014. The report concentrates on analysing data for organisations on absence as well as a focus on employee well-being. Additionally the report says, about the impact of government initiatives on absence management. The report was divided into the following sections: 1) Absence level: It has reduced considerably. The average level has fallen by 1.7 days this year compared with last. (Figure 1) Length of absence: nearly  ¾ of absence are short-term (up to 7 days), 14% of absence are long-term (up to 4 weeks) (Table 6) a) short-term absence: based on the vast majority 85% minor illness musculoskeletal injuries back pain home/family responsibilities stress mental ill-health (Table 10) 1/3 of private sector organisations reported increase in stress-related absence. The reasons of it are: high workloads, non-work relationships/family and management style. 2/5 of private services organisations report an increase in mental health problems Solutions: with regards to stress absence: management training and training to build personal resilience, flexible working options/improved work-life balance with regards to mental ill-health: counseling, flexible working options/improved work-life balance and employee assistance programmers,  training to line managers to effectively manage and support staff b) long-term absence: acute conditions (stroke, heart attack, cancer) stress musculoskeletal injuries mental ill health back pain (Table 13) Solutions: change the working patterns or environment to enable people to stay in or return to work, flexible working arrangements The vast majorities of organisations have a written absence/attendance management policy, record their employee absence rate collect information on the causes of absence and provide one or more well-being benefits. Developing line managers’ capability to manage absence (2014: 56% of those that made changes; 2013: 33%) This was achieved by an increased focus on attendance strategies and the fact that some organisations are developing line managers capability, from 39% (2013) to 61% (2014) 2) Cost of absence: It has increased compared with last year: 2014 –  £520 2013 –  £467 (Figure 2) 3) Approaches to absence management: a) short-term: return-to-work interviews (the most effective method) trigger mechanisms to revive attendance disciplinary procedures for unacceptable absence giving sickness absence information to line managers (Table 25) b) long-term: return-to-work interviews risk assessments to aid return to work occupational health involvement (table 26) 4) Government plan: 1/5 of organisations plan to access the new government Independent Assessment and Advisory Service (now called the Fit for Work Scheme). Summery: Most private sector employers believe they could decrease their absence levels. Organisations themselves need to ensure that they understand the cost of absence to help galvanise senior management support for addressing absence issues. Regular monitoring, review and act on the data they collect regarding the level and causes of absence, to ensure their approach to absence and well-being is relevant to their organisation’s specific issues. Clearly is essential to develop line managers in managing short-term absence. [6] Bibliography: [1] Why Organisations Need Data – College Essays – Oluwatayo. 2014. Why Organisations Need Data – College Essays – Oluwatayo. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Why-Organisations-Need-Data-1001107.html. [Accessed 30 December 2014]. [2] Why Organisations Need Data – College Essays – Oluwatayo. 2014. Why Organisations Need Data – College Essays – Oluwatayo. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Why-Organisations-Need-Data-1001107.html. [Accessed 30 December 2014]. [3] Introduction to Human Resource Management A Guide to HR in Practice, Charles Leatherbarow, Janet Fletcher, Donald Currie, Published by CIPD, 2013, page 77-78 [4] Introduction to Human Resource Management A Guide to HR in Practice, Charles Leatherbarow, Janet Fletcher, Donald Currie, Published by CIPD, 2013, page 392 [5] What is the Freedom of Information Act? | ICO. 2014. What is the Freedom of Information Act? | ICO. [ONLINE] Available at: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-freedom-of-information/what-is-the-foi-act/. [Accessed 30 December 2014]. [6] http://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/absence-management_2014.pdf

Community Health Nursing Essay

A community health worker is one who provides basic community health care services for promotion of health, prevention of illness, simple treatment and rehabilitation. The services utilizes the philosophy, content, method and skills of public health care. While most nurses care for one patient at a time, public health nurses care for entire populations. By working with whole communities, public health nurses are able to educate people about health issues, improve community health and safety and increase access to care. Public health nurses: Monitor health trends and identify health risk factors unique to specific communities. Set local priorities for health-related interventions to provide the greatest benefit to the most people. Advocate with local, state and federal authorities to improve access to health services for underserved communities. Design and implement health education campaigns and disease prevention activities, such as immunizations and screenings. Tell people about locally available health care programs and services to improve access to care. Educate and provide direct health care services to vulnerable and at-risk populations. Public health nurses believe a person’s health is affected by many factors, including genetic makeup, lifestyle and environment. Instead of waiting for patients to come to the hospital with an illness, they go into communities to try and help people improve their health and prevent disease. For people who don’t have access to care, public health nurses may also provide direct health care services, including preventive care, screening services and health education. Health education is a primary focus of public health nurses. Drawing on their training as registered nurses, public health nurses give people reliable, useful information about how to protect their health. In presentations at schools, community groups, senior centers and other local groups, public health nurses explain proper nutrition, demonstrate effective safety practices, promote early detection of common diseases, tell people how to care for  disabled or ill family members and inform people about other important health issues. Their goal is to make health information easy to understand, so people can take greater control over their well-being. In low-income and rural communities, public health nurses also provide critical health care services. They immunize schoolchildren, provide pre-natal and well-baby care and teach the elderly how to stay safe and healthy at home. They also must be able to recognize and respond to potential health crises. B. CARE ENHANCEMENT QUALITIES OF HEALTH WORKERS IN COMMUNITY SETTING 1. Efficient a. Plans with the people, organizes, conducts, direct health education activities according to the needs of the community. b. Knowledgeable about everything relevant to his practice; has the necessary skills expected of him. 2. Good listener a. Hear what’s being said and what’s behind the words. b. Always available for the participant to voice out their sentiments and needs. 3. Keen observer a. Keep an eye on the proceedings, process and participants’ behavior. 4. Systematic a. Knows how to put in sequence or logical order the parts of the session. 5. Creative/Resourceful a. Uses available resources. 6. Analytical/Critical thinker a. Decides on what has been analyzed. 7. Tactful a. Brings about issues in smooth subtle manner. b. Does not embarrass but gives constructive criticisms. 8. Knowledgeable a. Able to impart relevant, updated and sufficient input. 9. Open a. Invites ideas, suggestions, and criticisms. b. Involves people in decision making. c. Accepts need for joint planning and decision relative to health care in a particular situation; not resistant to change. 10. Sense of humor a. Knows how to place a touch of humor to keep audience alive. 11. Change agent a. Involves participants actively in assuming the responsibility for his own learning. 12. Coordinator a. Brings into consonance of harmony the community’s health care activities 13. Objective a. Unbiased and fair in decision making. 14. Flexible a. Able to cope with different situations. C. Unique Characteristics of Community Health Care 1. It’s imperative to remember that you are a guest in the client’s home and the client directs the care being given with the guidance from your clinical expertise. 2. Your nursing practice is driven by the current Regulations and legislation governing Nursing and Home Health Care. You must have an understanding of the Standards of Community Health Nursing. (www.chnac.ca) 3. As a Community Health Nurse you must possess a desire to practice with an attention to detail, critical thinking, excellent assessment and problem solving skills. 4. You must have the flexibility of scheduling to accommodate the client’s needs while still meeting their health care goals. 5. It is imperative to have access to a reliable vehicle to meet the demands of your role and be competent to drive in all weather conditions. 6. As a Community Health Nurse your are the advocate and liaison for the client’s health care goals, as such you will be communicating, directing, and liaising with other health professionals to ensure the client meets the desired outcomes of their care. 7. Community health nurses have strong clinical skills with special attention given to the Nursing Process and the ability to incorporate new technology and technical skills. Excellence in written and verbal communication is imperative. 8. As a Community Health Nurse you must be able to function both as a generalist and a specialist. You must feel confident in competently and proficiently care for a wide range of clinical issues and best practices, examples include: wound care, psychiatry, maternal and child health, pediatrics, foot care, palliative care, chronic disease management, and geriatrics 9. Community Health Nurses have the ability to function autonomously in a non-structured atmosphere and possess self-direction and independence. 10. Community Health Nurses are driven to continuously learn new skills and technology and adapt their education into practice to best meet the client’s needs and goals. 11. As a Community Health Nurse you must possess an acceptance, appreciation and understanding of the diversity of the client’s you service, and must incorporate their values and beliefs in to the care you provide in a non-judgmental, open-minded manner. 12. You must genuinely care for the client’s wellbeing and possess good listening skills. 13. Managing your time and effectively planning you day is imperative to ensure you’re able to meet the needs of your client’s while still maintaining safe practice. 14. Community Health Nurses are able to acknowledge change and know that change is a constant in home health nursing. 15. Community Health Nurses possess a sense of humor. D. FUNCTIONS OF A HEALTH WORKER 1. Community health service provider Carries out health services contributing to the promotion of health, prevention of illness, early treatment of illness and rehabilitation. Appraises health needs and hazards (existing or potential). 2. Facilitator Helps plan a comprehensive health program with the people. Continuing guidance and supervisory assistance. 3. Health counselor Giving appropriate advice and broadening the client’s insight about a problem so that Appropriate decisions are made which can lead to positive resolution of the problem. Provides health counseling including emotional support to individuals, family, group and community. 4. Co-Researcher Provides the community with stimulation necessary for a wider or more complex study of problems. Enforce community to do prompt and intelligent reporting of epidemiologic investigation of diseases. Suggest areas that need research (by creating dissatisfaction) Participate in planning for the study and in formulating procedures. Assist in the collection of data. Help interpret findings collectively. Act on the result of the research- Plan and conduct of nursing and related studies that contribute to the improvement of nursing and health services, either alone or independently, or in collaboration of other members of the health and intersect oral teams. 5. Member of a team In operating within the team, one must be willing to listen as well as to contribute, to teach as well as to learn, to lead as well as to follow, to share authority as well as to work under it. Helps make multiple services which the family receives in the course of health care, coordinated and comprehensive as possible. Consults with and refers to appropriate personnel for any other community services. 6. Health Educator Health education is an accepted activity at all levels of public work. A health educator is the one who improves the health of the people by employing various methods or scientific procedures to stimulate, arouse and guide people to healthful ways of living. She takes into consideration these aspects of health education. Information- provision of knowledge. Education- change in knowledge, attitude and skills. Communication- exchange of information. E. Health Education WHO define Health Education as any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes. Health education is often very visible and tangible (i.e., it’s what most health education  programs are â€Å"known for†), and it may often include educational programs, activities and skill-building group or individual sessions. Health education is part of health promotion, but health promotion is more than health education. Health education has been defined in many ways by different authors and experts. Lawrence Green defined it as â€Å"a combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions conducive to health.† The terms â€Å"combination, designed, facilitate and voluntary action† have significant implications in this definition. Combination: emphasizes the importance of matching the multiple determinants of behavior with multiple learning experiences or educational interventions. Designed: distinguishes health education from incidental learning experiences as systematically planned activity. Facilitate means create favorable conditions for action. Voluntary action means behavioral measures are undertaken by an individual, group or community to achieve an intended health effect without the use of force, i.e., with full understanding and acceptance of purposes. Most people use the term health education and health promotion interchangeably. However, health promotion is defined as a combination of educational and environmental supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to health. F. Nurse as Health Educator Health education is the duty of everyone engaged in health and community development activities. Health Extension Workers are primarily responsible in working with the families and community at a grass root level to promote health and prevent disease through provision of health education. If health and other workers are not practicing health education in their daily work, they are not doing their job correctly. When treating someone with skin infection or malaria, a health worker should also educate the patient about the cause of the illness and teach preventive skills. Drugs alone will not solve the problems. Without Health Education, the patient may fall sick again from the same disease. Health workers must also realize that their own personal example serves to educate others. Role of health educator Talking to the people and listening of their problems.  Thinking of the behavior or action that could cause, cure and prevent these problems. Finding reasons for people’s behaviors.  Helping people to see the reasons for their actions and health problems. Asking people to give their own ideas for solving the problems. Helping people to look as their ideas so that they could see which were the most useful and the simplest to put into practice. Encouraging people to choose the idea best suited to their circumstances. Reference: Marrelli, Tina M. (1997) Handbook of Home Health Orientation, St. Louis, Mosby Home Health Care Practice Page A Day in the Life of a Home Health Care Nurse . Retrieved from: http://www.rnao.org/storage/15/979 practice page home health pdf

Features of the Aircraft Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Features of the Aircraft Design - Essay Example Although composite materials weigh less than aluminum and have more corrosion resistance, which will lower maintenance, composite materials also have more failure characteristics in high-energy crashes (Langevin, 2003). Composite materials are brittle, and lack plasticity following an impact, so that a change in configuration may be needed in an aircraft design to ensure that crashworthiness criteria are met. There are load-limiting devices that can be implemented so that the loads transmitted to passengers during a crash will be minimized. The structural assembly can also be modified to decrease transmitted loads. Aircraft subfloor systems can be developed with high-strength materials that hold the passenger seats during impact, and also contain a crushable layer that will absorb energy. The crushable layer is most important in the vertical direction, for improving human tolerance of the impact. This subfloor platform will also distribute loads across the fuselage evenly. Energy absorbing seats are also effective at reducing loads transmitted to passengers. A comparison of two similar real-life crash events shows that energy absorbing seats and restraint systems can mean the difference between walking away and not surviving (Langevin, 2003). Another aspect of an aircraft design’s crashworthiness is its ditchability, or its ability to emergency land in water. There is usually a great loss of life in ditching however; statistics show a 60% survivability during ditching (Kebabjian, 2006) - some sources list a much higher survivability rate. Intentional ditching of commercial aircraft is rare and often occurs after fuel exhaustion; small aircraft ditching is much more common. As far as aircraft design considerations go, large underwing turbofans have been seen as having problematic ditchability ("Fall-back System...", 1999). In our aircraft design, engines mount above or on the wing, and there shouldn’t be the same ditchability problem.

Knowledge Management and its Advantages in Business Research Paper

Knowledge Management and its Advantages in Business - Research Paper Example Knowledge management can either contribute to the corporation or harm it in the attainment of the corporate goals. Thus, in order to assess its effect upon the organization, knowledge management must be considered as one of the business processes of the organization. This way, it can be determined whether the organization is moving closer or farther from the goals and objectives. Measuring KM effectiveness can be attained by measuring its impact upon the other business processes, the goals and benefits. Knowledge is an intangible asset and therefore cannot be observed. In recent times, management of knowledge has gained a lot of focus in organization management. Essentially, it has become one of the most important assets in business today. Knowledge management can be defined as the continual and persistent interaction among players in a system that leads to enhancement and maintenance of the systems knowledge base. The system or organization produces knowledge by gathering and organizing information and integrating the information in its strategies, goals and objectives to ensure adaptability and sustainable growth. In other words, an organization utilizing knowledge management continually compares existing knowledge with new information and adds up its knowledge base to improve on its method of production, strategies in an attempt to ensure that its targets and goals are attained. (Firestone, 1998). In a business setting, knowledge has three main building blocks, namely: a) data wh ich is raw, and without context; b) data is then transformed into information which is usable; and c) lastly, information is interpreted and combined to beget knowledge. There are two main types of knowledge, tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is derived from experience, and refers to expertise or knowledge that is difficult to transfer orally or through writing. For example, mechanical expertise can, to an extent be classified as tacit because it is acquired in time through experience and practice. On the other hand, explicit knowledge can be documented and taught through classroom learning. Explicit knowledge can easily be shared without necessarily having to practice or train (Marquard, 1996). Statement of the problem In the corporate environment, multiple factors that have emerged in the recent past have continually changed the approach and way of conducting profitable and sustainable businesses globally. Increased competition due to global economic developm ent, liberalization of international markets, advancement in technology and global integration has significantly changed the competitive landscape. Moreover, increased information access and globalization has not only increased consumer choice but also shifted power from producers to consumers. Traditionally, critical success factors such as product leadership, capital

Sudden infant Death Syndrome Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sudden infant Death Syndrome - Research Paper Example Usually, a parent finds his/her infant dead after putting him/her to bed. Typically, there are no signs of distress or a struggle of any kind and even after a complete autopsy, review of the infant’s clinical history and examination of the death scene, reasons for the sudden and unexpected death remain mysterious (Slonim & Marcucci, 2008). Reports by Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) indicate that most deaths resulting from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome take place in infants in the age bracket of 2-4 months and that it hardly ever happens before the age of one month or after six months. The etiology of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is not known. According to Springhouse, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is the third leading cause of infants’ death between the age of one month and one year. This incidence is most common during winter and it is higher in infants who sleep on their stomachs or in cribs with soft bedding, infants born in poverty, premature neonates, male infants and those infants whose mothers failed to seek prenatal care until late in the pregnancy. It is also common in one of a single multiple  birth infants for instance, twins and triplets and those infants whose mothers take drugs or smoke. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is also considered to be linked with problems in sleep arousal and may result from a defect in the control of ventilation that permits carbon dioxide to upsurge in the blood, thus leading to extended periods of apnea with deep hypoxemia as well as acute cardiac  arrhythmias (Kaneshiro, 2010). Risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome include poverty, little or no/poor prenatal care, higher parity, single parenthood, maternal smoking and drug abuse during and after pregnancy as well as exposing the baby to second hand smoke. Others include young maternal age, infants who sleep on their stomachs, lower level of maternal education, seasonal distribution with a peak in winter

Divorce and the Coase Theorem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Divorce and the Coase Theorem - Essay Example I would not advocate for a change in the current law. This is for the rationale that alternative arrangement divorce would be time consuming and would even cause or start hateful issues to develop during the arrangements and can ruin friendships. It is also confident for spouses to formulate one of the reasons for divorce essential in ruling. No-fault divorce, on the other hand, accepted that a marriage collapse might not be the cause of one spouses misbehavior. They cut down the divorce procedure and made it more reliable countrywide, hence obviating the necessitaty for distressed couples to cross position lines in look for of simpler break up laws. Ronald Coase is for no fault divorce and he said that, if the amount of a couple’s mesh gains from matrimony, as seen by the couple, is negative, then no conformity on distributing the gains from the marriage can keep them as one. Despite of its merits it is not the best way to divorce because it can cover up serious matrimonial misbehavior and I don’t advocate for

Introduction to Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction to Microeconomics - Essay Example The essay "Introduction to Microeconomics" describes key concepts of microeconomics and how they are applied to everyday life. Also, the paper analyses the microeconomics as a study of how individuals and societies distribute the funds to satisfy their wants. No one has enough time or money to do everything, no matter how hard they try. This is where economics comes in and plays a vital role in the lives of everyday consumers. More specifically, microeconomics is about economic choices of an individual person. This has more to do with macroeconomics, which looks at a country’s economic data instead of individual data. Actually, there are many topics to discuss in microeconomics, but this paper will just focus on three key subjects that are talked about in microeconomics the most: opportunity cost, demand and supply, and price elasticity. Because there is not enough time or money to fulfill all the needs of wants of an individual, there needs to be a choice made between several items. This is otherwise known as opportunity cost. The actual opportunity cost of a product is the cost involved in not selecting another product. Another important concept in microeconomics is demand and supply. The demand for a good or service is the association between the price of that good and the quantity demanded of that good in a particular time period, all other things being equal. And the last major concept of microeconomics is elasticity, which measures how the quantity demanded or quantity supplied changes in response to another variable.

Short and Long Term Affects on Fetal and Child Development When Essay

Short and Long Term Affects on Fetal and Child Development When Exposed to Cocaine in Utero - Essay Example Short and Long Term Affects on Fetal and Child Development When Exposed to Cocaine in Utero Another aspect of self regulation is heart rate: â€Å"Specifically, HR is predictive of later cognitive development and may impact reactivity to external stressors. An elevated resting HR is indicative of a higher level of physiological arousal which impacts both the quality and quantity of infant responsiveness to stimulation† (Schuetze 2006). Clearly, an elevated infant heart rate can be indicative of over-stimulation and a precursor to later cognitive developmental delays. Other aspects of self regulation or homeostasis that are thought to be affected by cocaine use in utero are respiration, blood pressure, sleep patterns, and body temperature. Studies have also indicated that cocaine use by pregnant women reduces blood flow to the placenta and causes fetal vasoconstriction. The placenta is the virtual nutrient source for the fetus. Adequate blood flow to the placenta and overall placental health are critical to fetal health. Cocaine is responsible for inducing the release of certain body chemicals called serotonin and/or epinephrine. The release of these two chemicals has a direct affect on vascular tone and therefore affects the vascular health of the fetus as well as the placental blood flow. Fetuses which develop in utero with a less than healthy placenta experience both short and long term developmental effects as well as defects.

Collaboration and conflict management within groups and teams Essay

Collaboration and conflict management within groups and teams - Essay Example In line with this, the purpose of this study is to discuss the importance of collaboration and conflict management within groups and teams and explore how a business organization can promote effective work collaboration among a diverse group of employees. Companies that enter into a cross-border alliance and merger and acquisition often face organizational conflict because of their differences in organizational culture and the way business is managed. Through effective collaboration, diverse group of employees coming from two different companies can share their tacit and explicit knowledge with regard to running the business and share their knowledge and expertise with regard to the use of technology (Mintzberg et al., 2003, p. 268). It takes an effective leader to promote work collaboration and implement conflict management strategies within a business organization successfully (Yukl, 2010, p. 365). To promote effective collaboration at work, Mintzberg et al. (2003, p. 268) suggests that managers should consider the idea of personnel rotation between the parent company and its alliance. By doing so, the act of sharing of tacit and explicit knowledge from two different groups of An effective communication is necessary not only in preventing internal conflicts but also in developing a significant interpersonal relationship among each of the team member (Katz & Lawyer, 1992, p. 11). According to Robbins and Judge (2011, p. 455), internal conflict may arise because of lack of openness, trust, and two-way communication among a diverse group of employees. Therefore, implementing a strong organizational culture that practices voluntary team participation and collaboration among the employees could help avoid organizational conflict. Likewise, it is equally important for managers to develop a two-way communication line between the top management and the entire workforce because

MARKETING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

MARKETING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION - Essay Example The first McDonalds restaurant was opened in 1940 established its image as a fast and speedy service provider. To date the restaurant is known for its fast service and convenience. McDonald’s revenue is about $ 22.8 billion with operating profits of $3.9 billion (McDonalds 2008). Today the firm has many rivals and competitors yet it has been able maintain its number one position. However, competition is building up and McDonalds does not seem to have a very bright future. It has not been able to develop a product in a decade that would appeal to the masses. Coupled with that, McDonalds entered some wrong markets where the competition already existed with full force leading the firm to close down its operations in those markets (McDonalds 2008). Also, McDonalds has been blamed for causing obesity amongst children and have been charged with lawsuits also. With the changing needs and requirements of the market, McDonalds has been able to update itself in terms of menu, environment, service and technology. With its growing customers globally, McDonalds developed its website where it interacts with its customers and gives them what they require. McDonalds has maintained a separate website for every country (McDonalds 2008). These websites have been localized in terms of menu, layout and language etc. but the color schemes and logo are the same in all the websites. Several marketing campaigns have been launched via the websites especially the ‘I’m lovin it’ in 2003 with great success. This was an essential move as the target market was moving towards the internet from the TV and promotion was becoming a challenge (Singh 1994). The websites have proved to be a great interacting medium with the customers and has enables the firm to reach their target market especially those in the age bracket of 16-24 years who are avid internet users(Chiem 2000). This interface

A world without Law would be a world without Sin Essay Example for Free

A world without Law would be a world without Sin Essay According to one of the Holy Books, the Bible, when God created the first man and woman, He knew as the author and finisher of man that he has mind, a conscience which is 2-sided. It could be destructive or constructive, it could embrace good or shun evil, it could love or hate based on the outline that he knows what is wrong and or right. That was the basic reason why God warned them or gave a strict Law against the act that lead to the very first sin, which is the eating of the fruit of knowledge. Hence, if there wasn’t any Law, the first and subsequent sins wouldn’t have existed. A car, an example of mechanical robot, will have no idea why it was created, which is a reason why a manual will be attached to it by the manufacturer for the use of the possible user[s]. We are all created for a purpose but the significant difference between Man and Machine is the choice and will power. These two tools can be shaped with Law[s] to guide man from being a weapon of personal and group calamity. And when there is no Law[s], then man can do whatever and anything he likes to suit his personal desire at the expense of others which would mean â€Å"No-Sin†. †¦At his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and justice he is the worst. - Aristotle It can be said man would be reckless, irresponsible, wild, thoughtless, uncontrolled or careless in a world without law. He would be pitiless when the taste for pleasure clouds his sense of reasoning. The mentality that anything he does is not wrong; just-do-it lingers in the mind of man in a world without Laws because there will not be any form of punishment. It would be a world of no hope for the poor. Government which is supposed to organize the society would not be in existence; there would not be anything like the Legislature to make laws, Executive to administer the laws and Judiciary to interpret the laws. Since the germane objective of Law is to maintain order in a society, the government agencies to carry out crime investigations and the professionals called Lawyers would have no space in a world without laws. Therefore, there will be a paradigm shift where jungle justice takes over the expected capacity of law. Discoveries and inventions will set the world in a state of entropy. Classified experiments such as cloning, stem cell growth and Nuclear weapons would know no limit. The world would be overpopulated for their will not be birth control regulations; strange diseases would be epidemic and pandemic. I can conveniently conclude that the world will fall apart without the law [which is tantamount to a world without sin].

Verbal And Nonverbal Communication In The Workplace

Verbal And Nonverbal Communication In The Workplace In an organization good communication is very important to have a good quality of understanding with each other and to have an excellence of connecting with your colleagues. In communication, we have a choice of expressing ourselves whether we use verbal communication and nonverbal communication or we can use written communication. In verbal communication and nonverbal communication we express ourselves personally. We can communicate directly to the person we want to talk to. In written communication, you can use this if you have a doubt or shyness to talk directly to that particular person. Especially when you want to communicate to your employer or a higher position than you, you should not directly talk to them. You can only write a letter to let them know what your opinion is or what is inside your mind. This process is currently carried out in mostly larger organization. 1.1 BODY: Verbal communication and nonverbal communication are more important today than written communication. I definitely disagree with this. Though verbal and nonverbal are important, written communication for me is more important. Nowadays there are lots of ways to communicate with others like web cam, video call, video conferencing, Skype and so on. In this way some employees can communicate to their supervisors easily but they do not even think that one incorrect word can make their conversation goes wrong. For me, written communications is still the best way to communicate with your supervisors. In written communication you can think what is the best way or word that cannot hurt or insult your colleagues. Some people do not have a consideration of who they are talking to. Some just express whatever is inside their mind not knowing that someone is being offended. Written communications control the quality and are stored for future reference. Written communication necessitates conduction of message in black and white. It mostly consists of diagrams, pictures, graphs, etc. Policies, rules, orders, instructions and agreements have to be expressed in written form for correct functioning of the organization. Written communication assures that everyone involved has the same information. It gives a long-term record of communication for upcoming future. Written directions are necessary when the action called for is essential and complex. To be effective, written communication should be comprehensible, brief, straightforward and complete. Written communication is very normal in business situations, so it is essential for small business owners and managers to increase effective written communication skills. Some of the forms of written communication that are used within business functions include memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals, and electronic mail. Examples of written communication opportunities natu rally pursued with clients, vendors, and other members of the business community, in the meantime, include electronic mail, Internet Web sites, letters, proposals, telegrams, faxes, postcards, contracts, advertisements, brochures, and news releases. 1.1.1 Some Types of Written Communication in an Organization: Memorandum or memos is a file or other communication that helps the memory by documenting events or inspections on a topic, such as may be used in a business office. Memorandum may have any layout, or it may have a design specific to an office or institution. In law particularly, a memorandum is a document of the terms of a operation or agreement, such as a policy memo, memorandum of understanding, memorandum of agreement, or memorandum of association. If the user is a associate, the format is usually much more adaptable. At its most basic level, a memorandum can be a handwritten note to ones supervisor. Annual report is an inclusive report on a companys performance all through the preceding year. Annual reports are proposed to give shareholders and other interested people information about the companys actions and financial occurrence. Most fields require companies to organize and disclose annual reports, and several need the annual report to be recorded at the companys registry. Companies listed on a stock exchange are also required to report at more numerous times. Business letter is a letter written in proper language, usually used when writing from one business association to another, or for connection between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. The general style of letter will depend on the connection between the parties concerned. Business proposal is a written proposal from a seller to a potential buyer. Business proposals are often a first step in the complicated sales process. For example whenever a buyer considers more than price in a purchase. Business proposals have three distinct categories. These are formally solicited, informally solicited and unsolicited. A proposal puts the customers requests in a situation that favours the sellers products and services, and educates the customer about the potentials of the seller in satisfying their requirements. A successful proposal results in a sale, where both parties get what they want, a win to win position. Bulletin Board System is a computer system running software that acknowledge users to join and log into the system using a station program. Once logged in, a user can execute functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users, both through electronic mail or in public message boards. Many bulletin board systems are also on-line, in which users can connect with each other, and bulletin board systems with multiple phone lines frequently offer chat rooms, allowing users to network with each other. 1.1.2 The Advantages of Written Communications Are: It ensures transmission of information in uniform manner. It provides a permanent record of communication for future reference. It is an idealistic way of conveying long messages. It ensures little risk of unauthorized alteration in the message. It tends to be comprehensive, obvious and accurate. It is well suited to express messages to a large number of persons at the same time. It can be quoted as legal evidence in case of any disputes. Policy matters, service conditions, restricted orders and commands and many other communications can be successfully and pleasingly communicated only through written communication because they are essential for future reference so that crucial action may be taken against the subordinates who fail to follow the communication. It can be used as proof if any disagreement arises, avoiding unnecessary disputes. When the sender and the receiver are at far points, even afar telephonic range, written communication maybe the only form of communication. Writt en communication is the only way out in such cases where the message is too long and designed for a large number of persons. Written communication gives extra time to the receiver to think, evaluate, and then make a decision upon the accurate course of action. Written communication is more arranged, and it is compulsory upon the subordinates and their superiors. Written communication becomes important to deliver onto others, exact and precise information. While writing a message, unnecessary words and all possible mistakes can be avoided to make a point. Written communication can support the communication flow because it is documented information that can be consigned back to if needed. It can be photocopied and passed on in accurately the same set-up to more than one person. This is very helpful for a company when it requires making sure that all employees get the same message. 1.2 CONCLUSION: I therefore conclude that written communication is more important than verbal communication and nonverbal communication, although these two are also important in communication. Written communication is crucial in every organization. Employees can communicate with their employer through written communications. They can think properly on what they will write on the letter to express their own ideas to improve the organizations performance. However your letter will go through a lot of levels first before your employer can receive it. For example it will go through first to your supervisor or manager before it goes to your employer. Written communication is an essential way to communicate with your colleagues, for example you can chat with them without seeing their webcam or through emails. You can think before you type what you wanted to say. You can read what you type first before sending the message. This is also a very good way for shy individuals to communicate with their friends. T hey can express more clearly their thoughts than to communicate personally. Even for me, I still prefer using written communication than verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Even though I am not shy to communicate personally I am more confident with my words through written communication. I can think clearly and can express properly how to communicate my thoughts to others. 2.0 INTRODUCTION: Communication occurs at various stages (even for one particular action), in numerous ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Some, if not all fields of study, commit a part of attention to communication. So when speaking about communication, it is very crucial to be sure about what features of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication extend widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as individuals, and some are narrower, only including individuals within the limits of human symbolic interaction. Miscommunication is one particular case of a lack of alignment of individuals mental state, specifically one in which they diverge on the occurrence or results of communication. Communication is action, and thus miscommunication can be viewed as demands of action failure (when the spokesperson fails to generate the aimed result), misperception (when the audiences cannot distinguish what the spokesman intended to communicate), or both as Austin1962 noted. Miscommunication happens when one side does not communicate enough information to us, or we misinterpret the real meaning of their words. In either case, we get a different meaning of their words than they intended. With the arrival of e-mail and IM chat, this is a becoming a general problem currently because type-based communication is asynchronous communication, meaning that individuals do not communicate in actual time. Asynchronous communication does not allow for instant opinion response, based upon their typed words alone, our minds have to understand what the other person is saying. Miscommunication can also occur in any type of communication setting, although most common in typed-based communication. No communication or a lack of communication is another common type of miscommunication. 2.1 BODY: People are always afraid of the worst outcome. The mind will fill in the missing information with their own creative insight, which is often fear-based in miscommunication. For example a husband who is out late and forgets to call his wife. Because there is a lack of communication there, the wife begins to worry and her mind instantly switches to fear mode. Self-talk happens and it takes the figure of her own fears. Our minds will always assume the worst likely outcomes based on our worries and anxiety. 2.1.1 Factors Involved of Miscommunication in an Organization: Information Overload Too much information is as bad as too little because it decreases the audience capability to focus efficiently on the most important points. People facing information overload occasionally try to manage by disregarding some of the messages, by obstructing responses to messages they consider unimportant, by answering only parts of some messages, by responding incorrectly to certain messages or by taking less time with each message. Message Complexity You communicate both as an individual and as representative of an organization when formulating business messages. Thus you must modify your own ideas and style so that they are adequate to your employer. In fact, you may be asked frequently to write or state something that you disagree with individually. Suppose you work as a recruiter for your company. You have interviewed a job candidate, others in the firm have rejected this applicant but you believe he would make an excellent employee. Message Competition Conversationalists are often faced with messages that compete for concentration. Both messages are suitable to get short shrift if you are talking on the phone while scanning a report. Even your own messages may have to compete with a range of interruptions such as people intrusion, meetings are called, the phone rings every five minutes and a crisis erupts. In short, your messages infrequently have the benefit on the receivers complete attention. Differing Status Employees of lower rank may be too careful when sending messages to managers and may speak only about topics they think the manager is fascinated in. Likewise, higher rank people may twist messages by rejecting to consider anything that would incline to challenge their authority in the company. Also, belonging to a specific section or being responsible for a specific duty can narrow your opinion so that it differs from the manners, values, and expectations of individuals who belong to other divisions or who are liable for other tasks. Lack of Trust It is a difficult problem when building trust. Other establishment members dont know whether you will reply in a compassionate or liable way, so trusting can be dangerous. However without trust, free and open communication is efficiently blocked, affecting the companys steadiness. It is not enough just being clear in your communication. Inadequate Communication Structures Formal restrictions on who may communicate with whom and who is authorized to make decisions affects organizational communication. Designing too little proper stations blocks effective communication. Powerfully centralized organizations, particularly those with an extreme degree of formalization, lessen communication ability, and they reduce the affinity to communicate horizontally thus limiting the capability to synchronize performances and decisions. Incorrect Choice of Medium Your message can be distorted so that the intended meaning is blocked if you choose an inappropriate communication medium. You can select the most proper medium by corresponding your preference with the nature of the message and of the group or the individual who will receive it. Telephones and other interactive electronic media are not as rich, although they allow immediate feedback, they do not grant visual nonverbal signs such as facial expressions, eye contact and body movements. Physical distractions Communication barriers are aplenty but easy to remedy or avoid, like room temperature, weak acoustics, and unreadable copy. Even though noise or this type seems unimportant, it can completely obstruct an otherwise efficient message. Your receiver may also be distracted by an unpleasant chair, poor lighting, or some other annoying situation. In several cases, the barrier may be connected to the receivers wellbeing. Hearing or optical mutilation or even a headache can obstruct the signal of a message. 2.1.2 Ways to Prevent Miscommunication: Information overload We should realize that some information are not needed and make essential information effortlessly available. Provide relevant information and be as direct to the point as possible with the simplest of language. Avoid information that is not crucial. Message Complexity We should keep messages clear and easy to understand. Use strong organization, guide readers by telling them what to expect, use concrete and specific language, and stick to the point. Be sure to ask for feedback so that you can clarify and improve your message. Message Competition Prevent making hassles on a receiver who does not have the time to give careful consideration to your message. Create written messages visually pleasing and simple to understand, and make an effort to send them when your receiver has time to read them. Oral messages are generally helpful when you can talk directly to your receiver (rather than to mediators or answering machines). Differing Status Strive to ensure supervisors and colleagues are well knowledgeable. Persuade lower position employees to keep you informed by being reasonable and courteous of their views. When you have information that you think that your superior might not like, be courageous and express it anyway. Position barriers can be conquered by a motivation to produce and collect bad news. Lack of Trust Be noticeable and available. Do not shield yourself behind associates or secretaries. Give key information to colleagues and employees, communicate truthfully, and incorporate employees in assessment making. For communication to be triumphant, companies must generate an ambience of equality and trust. Inadequate Communication Structures Propose more avenues for communicating, both formally and informally like using platforms such as employee evaluations, open-door procedures, newsletters, memo, and mission groups. Aim to decrease chain of command levels, increase synchronization between sections, and persuade two-way communication. Incorrect Choice of Medium Select the wealthiest media for no standard, complicated message. Use rich media to expand and to civilize your existence throughout the organization, to communicate thoughtfully and personally to employees, and to achieve employee devotion to organizational objectives. Utilize slender media to communicate easy, regular messages. Physical distractions Strive to organize properly written documents which are plain, brief, and complete. When organizing verbal presentations try to obtain a setting which authorizes audience to see and listen to the presenter clearly. 2.2 CONCLUSION: I therefore conclude that having a good communication in the organization is the crucial way to improve the organization itself. People always fear the worst outcome before communicating with their superiors in the organization. When we are faced with miscommunication, we must keep our minds open to additional possibilities without adopting a certain truth about the other person until we know exactly what they mean or think. How can this be accomplished? Well, your fears and assumptions will automatically kick in. There is no way to fend against that because that is how our minds are wired. Instead of adopting those assumptions as the truth however, simply acknowledge those assumptions as one possibility out of a number of possibilities. List other possibilities with your assumptions and acknowledge them all without judging or evaluating them. Simply tell yourself, These are all possible, but we do not know the truth yet, so I will not lock myself into any one of them. By keeping you r mind open to additional possibilities, you can break the assumption triangle and prevent miscommunication conflict from happening. By doing all these we can prevent miscommunication. It is up to us how we communicate with others. If we finally overcome our fear, it will help us accomplish our goals in life. 3.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1.) Unknown Author, Communication, Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, viewed on 2nd October 2010, 2.) Lewis,G., Slade, C., 1994, Critical Communication, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, Australia 3.) Taylor, S., 1999, Communication for Business, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education Limited, United States of America 4.) Windschuttle, K., Elliott, E., 1999, Writing, Searching, Communicating (Communication Skills for the Information Age), 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company Australia Pty Limited, Australia 5.) Unknown Author, 2006, Business Communication, 1st Edition, World Educational Council 6.) Schramm, W., 1954, The process and effects of communication: How communication works (pp. 3-26), University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois 7.) Barnlund, D. C., 2008, Communication theory: A transactional model of communication, 2nd Edition (pp47-57), New Brunswick, New Jersey 8.) Unknown Author, Verbal Communication Used in Business, Exforsys Inc. Execution for system, viewed on 2nd October 2010, 9.) Unknown Author, Written Communication-Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages, Management Study Guide.com, viewed on 2nd October 2010, 10.) Le, M. 1999, Miscommunication: from Intracultural to Intercultural Socialisation, International Journal: Language, Society and Culture, Australia, viewed on 8th October 2010, 11.) Nah, W. 2009, Causes of Miscommunication in Everyday Life, SOSYBERTY, viewed on 8th October 2010, 12.) Whitehead, B. 2006, Identifying and overcoming barriers to effective communication, Web Conferencing Zone, viewed on 10th October 2010,

The Automobile and the Environment :: Business and Management Studies

The Automobile and the Environment a) Negative externalities are impacts on 'outsiders' that are disadvantageous to them. The externalities occur where the actions of firms or individuals have an effect on the people other than themselves. In the case of negative externalities the external effects are costs on other people. They are also known as external costs. There may be external costs from both production and consumption. If these are added to the private costs we get the total social costs. An example of negative externalities would be the side effects of production processes e.g. the pollution (noise, dust, vibration) endured by people living next to a quarry. b) From looking at the data we can see that since 1974 the cost of public transport has increased quite rapidly relative to the base rate of 100 compared to the cost of motoring which has steadily decreased. Initially it was the real cost of motoring which increased but by 1975 it had started to decline and continued to do so until the late 1970's. It then increased quickly for a short period until 1982 ending up just above the base rate and remaining there until 1985. It then steadily declined up until 1994. Public transport on the other hand has been increasing since 1974. The real cost of rail travel has increased steadily with a few dips ending up in 1994 at just over 165. The real cost of bus travel has also increased over the 20 year period but more gradually with a sharp rise in 1988 followed by a fall in 1990 but then a final increase ending up in 1994 at just over 140. c) The fact that the cost of oil/petrol fell over the 20year period of 1974-1994 and the cost of public transport rose is why there is such a big gap between them. The cost increases and decreases could have happened for a number of reasons. The cost of petrol decreases when supply is greater than demand or when demand is low. Transport costs could have rose if the demand is too great for it or to increase revenue for councils/government. If public transport needs to be modernised/repaired than also putting the prices up enables extra revenue to spend on these things. d) The classic way to adjust for externalities is to tax those who create negative externalities. This is sometimes known as 'making the polluter pay.' The government needs to assess the cost to a society of a particular externality. It then sets tax rates on those externalities equal to the value of the externality. This increases costs to customers by shifting the supply curve to the left.

Drones: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Essay -- UAVs Technology Essays

Like much of today’s technology, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles attribute their creation to the military. The idea of using unmanned aircraft has long been a dream for the military -- scouting planes without any casualties to report should something go wrong, air strikes with only time and money to lose, and the ability to wage war without losing a single life. Well the third one may perhaps not be realistic – as Afghanistan has shown, lack of ground troops leaves certain entities unchecked.1 However, it may be argued that â€Å"they represent a significant step toward the eventual automation of the battlefield—one in which teleoperated or robotic systems replace many soldiers.†2 Either way, these machines do create a less expensive and more dispensable alternative to conventional air battles. This creates obvious moral issues, as the country with such technology is no longer as tentative to engage in armed combat. UAVs can do many things that conventional aircraft cannot. As Steven Ashley puts it, â€Å"’Traditional’ aircraft—fast photo/ reconnaissance fighters, high-flying U-2s, and sensor-laden patrol planes—nor the classified orbital spy satellites can do the job of the simple, prop-driven unmanned aerial vehicles.†3 These advantages, coupled with their low expense, place them in great demand. As Ronald R. Fogelman (U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff) states, â€Å"We are now impressed by the convergence of technological advances in computers, flight controls, lightweight materials, advanced electric motors, and communications packages that will make modern UAVs extremely effective.†4 UAVs are not only to be used for such questionable moral circumstances as war; these vehicles can provide a plethora of services in the commercial market. H... ...chanical Engineering 125 (2003): 11. 52 Steven Ashley, â€Å"Robot Spy Planes Peer Over the Horizon,† Mechanical Engineering 118 (1996): 91. 53 Brian P. Tice, â€Å"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,† Airpower Journal 5 (1991): 48. Works Cited Max Boot, â€Å"The New American Way of War,† Foreign Affairs 82 (2003): 41. Brian P. Tice, â€Å"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,† Airpower Journal 5 (1991): 41. Christopher M. Centner, â€Å"Consigning Air Bases to the Dustbin of History,† Airpower Journal 12 (1998): 100. John Degaspari, â€Å"Flying Blind,† Mechanical Engineering 125 (2003): 10. Steven Ashley, â€Å"Robot Spy Planes Peer Over the Horizon,† Mechanical Engineering 118 (1996): 84. Tom Clarke, â€Å"Flying Free,† Nature 417 (2002): 582. http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm = info http://uav.wff.nasa.gov/ = info http://www.twofaces.net/newpage/1337hum1r/ = background

Loss of Innocence in Truman Capotes In Cold Blood Essay -- In Cold Bl

"All things truly wicked start from an innocence,† states Ernest Hemingway on his view of innocence. Innocence, what every youth possesses, is more accurately described as a state of unknowing but not ignorance- which connotation suggests a blissfully positive view of the world. Most youth are protected from the harsh realities of the adult world. Therefore they are able to maintain their state of innocence. While innocence normally wanes over time, sometimes innocence can be abruptly taken away. Some of the characters in Truman Capotes In Cold Blood lost their innocence due to the traumatic events they experienced in childhood and adulthood while some had none to begin with. Innocence can be stolen but the desire to return to the innocent state cannot. A traumatic event changes the nature of a small town, yet leaves some residents with a fervent desire to return to normalcy. An isolated city such as Holcomb is thought to be safe from the corruption and crime of city life. In 1959, the town of Holcomb was devastated by the brutal killings of a beloved family, the Clutters. This event completely changed the attitudes of most of the town’s population, which one resident, Mryt Clare, stated had turned them into â€Å"snakes†. While the once blamelessness that had been evident in most of the towns folk had disappeared, Clare had hoped the town would stop â€Å"scaring each other to death†. Clare wanted the usual kindness and innocence that drew her to the town to be restored. The deaths of the Clutter family had taken away the towns trust in one another, but the deaths of the killers and re established some of the innocence they had lost. While no one can completely recover from a traumatic event, the town of Holcomb desired to return to a st... ... become the victims. In the case there was never any innocence present in an individual, the choices they make will shape how corrupt they become. The town of Holcomb was traumatized by the unexpected murder of a respected family, which turned the community into distrusting gossipers. This event can take place in childhood, as it did for Perry Smith, who grew up with no protection from corruption by his parents and killed an entire family. Dick Hickock, impulsive and shallow, formulated a plan to rob and kill any witnesses present at the Clutter household. He was corrupt enough to go ahead with the plan and persuade Perry to kill the witnesses. Innocence must be protected to ensure that others may be kept innocent. The virtuous quality that most people have is connected to their innocence, but if their innocence is lost, their future may be condemned to sinfulness.

Assessment and Learners Essay

Introduction The aim of this report is to identify my roles and responsibilities as a teacher delivering the Level 2 Certificate in Youth Work Practice (City and Guilds). The course is attended by trainee youth workers aged 18 and over and consists of 20 taught sessions and a work-based placement. The qualification is assessment based, with all Learners producing a portfolio of evidence to support their learning. The portfolios are assessed, checked by an Internal Verifier and samples of the portfolios are checked by an External Verifier to agree the standards of assessment. Responsibilities The role of teacher holds many responsibilities. Lifelong Learning UK (LLUK) defines two teaching roles: 1. Associate Teacher, Learning and Skills (ATLS) which is a supportive role 2. Qualified Teacher, Learning and Skills (QTLS) which is a full teaching role To become a QTLS the Institute for Learning (IfL) states: â€Å"As a new entrant to teaching in the Learning and Skills Sector, you will have to complete the PTLLS award. It must be completed within one year of initial employment. † (March, S, 2010: 4) It is my responsibility as a teacher to complete this qualification and continuously develop my skills as a professional. As a teacher some of my responsibilities include having knowledge and understanding of the subject, curriculum development and delivery and appropriate initial, formative an summative assessment methods. As a teacher within the Level 2 Certificate in Youth Work Practice I am responsible for the development and delivery of a suitable curriculum to enable Learners to complete the qualification by demonstrating and evidencing their learning. This also includes carrying out initial assessments for all Learners and identifying any needs of the individual or the group. During the development of the curriculum I plan and prepare sessions to meet the learning outcomes of the course, sourcing and developing appropriate resources then delivering sessions and supporting Learners where necessary. Suitable assessment methods and evaluation processes will also be structured into the curriculum to ensure continuous development of the course, the Learners and the teachers. Other responsibilities within my role include: * Appropriate record keeping. This may include Learners details, registration forms, Initial Assessments, registers, portfolio files, results and assessment records, placement details and session plans alongside schemes of work. These records are kept to ensure all Learners’ needs are met and progress is appropriately recorded on Individual Learning Plans which are necessary for certification. Work placement details and Criminal Record Bureau (CRB) checks also need to be kept to ensure safeguarding and health and safety policies and procedures are followed correctly. Records must be kept in accordance to legislation and also as a matter of best practice and for auditing purposes. * Suitable evaluation. Evaluation of the Learners’ progress is essential to their learning to identify areas for improvement. It is important to evaluate the curriculum, sessions and my own development to ensure my practice is reflective, professional and continuously developing. * Respect. Paramount to my role as a teacher is respect for the Learners and my colleagues, including professional boundaries. This includes maintaining a degree of formality and understanding of the limits of my relationship with the Learners, ensuring these are made clear, preventing the crossing of boundaries. This also includes an awareness of my own limitations within my role and knowing how and where to signpost Learners for further support. Legislation There are many policies and procedures to follow within my own organisation and the qualification awarding body, governing many aspects of my role as teacher. Some of these relate to legislation such as: * The Equality Act (2010) This act promotes equality of opportunity. My practice must be inclusive and take into consideration this legislation to prevent discrimination as guided by mu organisations Equal Opportunities Policy. * The Data Protection Act (1998) This act regulates the processing and storing of information about individuals. My organisation follows appropriate policies and procedures in accordance with this act including storing all Learners’ files in a lockable file in a suitable environment only accessed by authorised staff. * The Copyright Licensing Act (CLA) (1988) Organisations must have a license to copy parts of books and documents. It is vital to ensure this is followed when copying any material to ensure it is done within the limits of the organisation’s licence. * Health and Safety at Work etc Act (1974) This is the main piece of legislation covering health and safety in the work place including anyone entering and using the premises. * Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999) This Legislation requires all  employers carry out appropriate risk assessments, implement necessary measures, appoint competent staff and arrange suitable information and training around health and safety. My organisation also follows appropriate policies and procedures to ensure both this and the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) are complied with. This includes risk assessments, record keeping, first aid training, incident reporting and safeguarding policies and procedures. As well as legislation and organisation policies and procedures there is a code of practice to be followed by teachers, produced by The Institute for Learning (IfL). This outlines the standards of professional behaviour expected of members working in further education and includes: * Professional integrity regarding all interactions with Learners, colleagues and other professionals. * Show respect to all Learners and colleagues and recognise and value diversity and engage in anti-oppressive practices. * Ensure reasonable care regarding the safety and wellbeing of others where possible and within legislation. * Provide evidence of your own professional development. * Notify the IfL as soon as possible after cautioning or conviction for a criminal offence. * Provide appropriate support during any investigation by the IfL. My own practice also requires me to work within the National Youth Agency code of practice too. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion As a teacher it is essential that my practice ensures the fair treatment of all Learners and that they are allowed equal opportunities to participate and gain the qualification. This may involve adapting sessions including timings, resources, assessment methods and providing additional support where necessary. The Equality Act (2010) bans unfair treatment and aims to achieve equal opportunities within the work place and wider society. The act replaces previous anti-discrimination laws to make legislation simpler and remove inconsistencies and covers nine protected characteristics which cannot be used as a reason to treat people unfairly. The protected characteristics are: 1. Age 2. Disability 3. Gender reassignment (choosing to live as a gender other than that assigned to you at birth, with or without surgery. ) 4. Marriage and civil partnership 5. Pregnancy and maternity 6. Race 7. Religion or belief 8. Gender 9. Sexual orientation The Equality Act identifies ways in which it is unlawful to treat people including: * Direct and indirect discrimination * Harassment * Victimisation * Failing to make reasonable adjustments for people with disabilities My organisation operates within an equal opportunities policy influenced by this Act which must be followed by all staff and Learners. As well as a commitment to equality within my practise it is important to recognise and value individual differences and the different cultural backgrounds of Learners, colleagues and the wider community. My practice must promote diversity through my behaviour, use of language and appropriate challenging of others to reflect this. Inclusion within teaching ensures that all Learners are able to participate and feel included, removing any barriers to their learning experience. This should include all teaching and learning processes from the planning and delivery stages to evaluation and further planning. Appropriate information should be collected at the Initial Assessment stage to allow necessary adaptations to the teaching programme. This may include providing additional support for Functional Skills or allowing time and space for prayers. Recommendations for professional practice Throughout my teaching practice I will continuously update my skills through training, supervision and self-evaluation to ensure a high standard of professional practice. I will also review all necessary policies and practices to work within legislation and promote best practice. It is also important to maintain suitable contact with governing bodies to stay updates with codes of conduct and changes to legislation. Bibliography Cohen, L, Manion, L and Morrison, K. (2004) A Guide to Teaching Practice, 5th Edition, Suffolk: Routledge Great Britain. Equality Act 2010, London: HMSO March, S. (2010) Preparing to Teach – the first steps: Chartered Institute of Environmental Health.

Native Americans in the United States Essay

The Navajos prop up was precise precious. They lived in a huge country of commonwealth. They lived in large chunks of Utah and Arizona. They as well as inhabited small parts of atomic number 27 and New Mexico. They had a similar modality all class around. The climate was desiccate to semi-arid. They had very hot summertimes and very heatless winters. The annual precipitation for most of their land was less than 10 inches of rain. The average temperature commit was 40 degrees Fahrenheit to 55 degrees Fahrenheit. They overly had natural resources. They had coal, uranium, oil, natural gas, minerals, petroleum, agriculture, and herbs. ? LAKE NAVAJO ? FOODThe Navajos had non-homogeneous amounts of food. They grew corn, beans, wring and melons. They hunted and ate Kaibab squirrels, disconsolate tailed jack rabbits, small bulls eyes, peccary, horses, overawe and sheep. They baked kneel down bread, Navajo cake, Navajo pancakes, savory dumplings, meritless bread, hominy cook ies, and squash blossoms stuffed with blue corn mush and pinon leaves. They withal steamed and roasted corn. They harvested bats fruits and vegetables such(prenominal) as pinon nuts, corn silk, wild berries, wild onion, Navajo spinach (bee weed and pig weed), wolf berry, wax currant, sumac grapes, juniper oranges, yucca bananas, and Navajo tea (telesperma).They as well traded for deer, squash seeds, tumble mustard seeds, pinto beans, tail end, goat milk, and goat cheese. In special occasions they would down wild edible clay, wild potatoes, mimosa, sagebrush, and juniper ash. ? NAVAJO PANCAKES ? SHELTER The Navajos had antithetical homes than different intrinsic tribes. They lived in small clusters of families spread around. on that pointre 2 lawsuits of hogans (what they lived in), the winter type and the summer type. The winter hogan was more un equalable and aggrandize for the cold but the summer hogan was more open and less padded for the heat.They were both misera ble and crude structures. The fence for them living in such indisposed construct homes was because they were nomads (so they could easily leave in a moments notice). They considered the outdoors as home. They employ there house for storage, warmth and sleep. They state they wouldnt get attached to their homes like white men (Americans). Hogans were round houses built with sticks, packed with earth and covered with brush, wildcat hides and whatever else they could find or was available. The trend door always faced atomic number 99 to catch first light.They later built more advanced and bigger hogans do out of logs from pinon trees, and mud. ? NAVAJO HOGAN ? CLIMATE/ geographics INFLUENCE The Navajos climate and geographics affected them. Geography caused them not to arouse the same food or turn in all parts of the Navajo land because some stuff didnt begin everywhere and, the terrain made them dig different apparel according to altitude weather. modality caused them no t to have the same food, clothing or shelter all year around either. Some stuff could notwithstanding be found a certain season.In the winter they had to wear more layers but, as for in the summer they would wear less, and like a said in front (read shelter) there was a winter hogan and a summer hogan. ? CLASSIC TERRAIN ? LOCATION OF HOMES ? NAVAJOS CURRENT HOME ? NAVAJOS transmissible HOME ? BIBLIOGRAPHY Carey, Harold Jr. Navajo People Donald Snyder. (July 29, 2011) Outskirts Press. October 28, 2011 Donn, Andale. inwrought Americans Phillip Martin. (2007) October 27, 2011 Eck, Pam. In Kido Indianans Diane Dwenger. (April 22, 1998) October 28, 2011 Erdoes, Richard.The primordial Americans Navajos Sterling Pub. Co New York 1978 15, 21, 12 James, Cullen. Veterans Recall Navajo multiplication 24, October 29, 2011. 1,2 Kallen, Stuart A. Native Americans of The Southwest Lucent Books San Diego 2000 12, 1, 11 Knysh, Brian. Kid Port Elizabeth Flynn. (1998) October 27, 2011 Lewis, O rrin, Big Orrin Laura Redish. (1998) October 27, 2011 Rossi, Ann. Native Americans of The Southwest Benchmark Education Pelham 2008 16, 32, 10 Miller, Gays 5th and sixth grade students. Navajo. Miller Gay.(October 23,2011) October 27, 20011 Yurth, Cindy. Budding Filmmakers entrance U. S. A Department of Defense 3 October 29, 2011. 1,2 ? FUN FACTS They Call them selves the Dine (the people) They draw petroglyphs Their reservation size is about 13 million acres (the largest in the U. S) They also have the largest membership size compared to other Native Americans memberships size. (They exit up to 30 people from their all-inclusive family into the reservation. ) ? EXTRA ? NAVAJO BOW & ARROW ? NAVAJO clayware ? NAVAJO PAINTING ? NAVAJO TOMAHAWK.

The Impact Of Hydroelectric Power Development Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the old ages, thither has been change magnitude involvement in electricity contemporaries utilizing hydro advocate. However, it is only when late that the pertains of hydroelectric causefulness alone kit and boodles on the surroundings countenance been recognized until now, it was assumed that hydroelectric business office coevals was a clean and environment totallyy comradely electricity proceeds method, comp atomic number 18d to scoreer(a) methods. After encompassing research, it has been found that hydroelectric berth guard has whatever doctors that include turnout of nursery spatteres from the disintegrating flora that harbor been submerged in the dekameter, and implosion therapy of large land countries, variant them unfit for agribusiness and early(a) gentleman activities, among others. peradventure the commodiousgest continue from hydroelectric origin production is the offspring it has on water system timbre. Dam mental synthesis, for the intents of role production, chamberpot alter the measure and whole tone of body of water of a river. The disintegrating flora contains bacteria that whitethorn alike transubstantiate the quicksilver found in basic seed stones into a weewee soluble signifier, which builds up in the tilt constitutional coordinates and accordingly presenting a health hazard. This paper will research the impact of upgrading of bing hydroelectric power whole shebangs on piss whole step by, fore dear(p), picture typical proposed enterprises and options when upgrading bing hydropower workss, and so researching the environmental impacts of such(prenominal) proposed enterprises and options.2.0 interpretation of proposed enterprise and optionsFor any undertaking that aims at upgrading an bing hydropower works, the master(prenominal) aim should be to add qualification and increase skill production and end product to the f number limit with no undesired environmental impacts.2.1 Upgra ding bing hydropower workssSeveral methods comprise that pointerpot be use to increase the production of power at bing hydropower workss. Normally, these methods stooge be sorted into two methods that increase the power production efficiency and methods that increase the useable pee or b rainfall ledger.To better efficiency, old turbine smugglers and Gatess back tooth be replaced with brisker, overmuch cost-effective designs coatings muckle be used to derogate loss of energy done with(predicate) face-off in f diminished channels the public presentation of the turbine bed be tweaked turbine smugglers discharge be replaced with modernisticer 1s stay freshing a similar design to cut down pits and other defects generator efficiency force out be change magnitude by rewinding them urine escape sess be reduced in Gatess and other constructions junk path cleansing can be bettered to denigrate clash losingss and automated systems for aggregation and analysis of diagnostic informations can be set up.To increase the useable piddle or caput volume, the dam lift can be change magnitude to increase the caput and memory aptitude to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) turbines can be added to give the piss that is being spilled put ining newer turbines and generators that hire wider period of measure scopes and other alterations can be effected during statistical distribution of terminal and paper bags of the reference.2.2 Retrofiting dikes to develop new hydropowerThe headland activities during furnishting a dike for hydropower coevals include constructing sluicegates, outgos, and a human dynamo that whitethorn, in in high spirits-head dikes, be located downstream, or, in dikes with down(p) caput, replace subdivisions of the bing construction employment of extenuation actions to minimise the undertaking s impacts hard-on of power lines to get in touch the undertaking into the bing power grid and rerouting by me ans of the water turbines. Monitoring of quality of piss, testing to forestall fish from come ining the turbine, edifice of search installations, and combine boot out conditions can do up the extenuation actions.2.3 Options to hydropower study at bing dikesWhen upgrading a hydropower works to better its cause forthing capacity, it is presumed it replaces the bing capacity since it is dearly-won to run because of high costs, for voice disused workss or those that use dearly-won arouse, and the new capacity that is more expensive than hydropower coevals at bing dikes. To find the right capacity mix that the proposed hydropower rise will replace, on that point is demand for a established respect for future energy disbursals, the character and position of bing and future hydropower workss, and environmental factors particular to a site.3.0 environmental impacts of the proposed enterprise and optionsAs has been established, any hydropower instruction, and other methods of br ing forthing power, causes near(prenominal) environmental impacts. The fol embarrasseding subdivisions explore the impacts of hydropower ascents and besides for power coevals utilizing fogy send aways, which is the most(prenominal) standardizedly option.3.1 impacts of upgrading bing hydropower workssNormally numerateing on the type of levy being done, the environmental impacts of hydroelectric works ascents ar non as odious when measured up against other energy development impacts. In fact, upgrades that merely necessitate the generators or turbines to be replaced, go forthing the author s volume and press vacate times unchanged, have few immediate impacts and whitethorn even feed up several(prenominal) enduring environmental benefits. The ascents that see the volume and release timings change on the other paw whitethorn some permanent impacts.3.1.1 body of water resources3.1.1.1 twirl electrical shocksMinor ascents do non necessitate much work and thitherfrom intromit small or no impacts on the weewee resources, wish gnaw at, cover spills, and river hit the hay chequer, among others. However, study ascents would necessitate more wide twist and so the impact on water system resources is change magnitude. Activities in such ascents such as digging or intelligent machinery usage during building access the local brook beds and Bankss eroding, doing more deposit tonss and possible position downstream. The redistribution of deposits by building whitethorn hold harmful set up when the taint of the deposit is local. time enduring impacts on the urine quality ar improbable, building during ascents whitethorn take to short-run impacts like little rock oil spills. Due to the arrest of H2O scat in major ascents, short-run dewatering and stagnancy of the tailwater may happen, turn up in high growing of algae and ever-changing absorptions of dissolve O ( DO ) which finally adversely impacts aquatic life.3.1.1.2 Decreased AerationTurbines able to utilize high returns may be installed during undertaking ascents where spillage of f scummy occurs via wasteweirs or Gatess because the bing turbines size can non utilize all the f broken in. During spillage, the spilled flow may slightly hold increased DO concentrations, or become aerate. When the turbines capacity is increased, thither will be an addition in the flow per centum in the turbine, where aeration is minimum or absent. Entire concentrations of DO would diminish in undertakings where the DO concentration is low and an ascent would do less flow aeration during spillage. In undertakings where spillage happens during high flow periods merely, spillage may be used for power coevals because it does non hold important impact3.1.1.3 Improved Turbine AerationTo cut down jobs of H2O quality is some undertakings, turbine replenishment may be the solution. In the hot season, stratification occurs in most turbid references. At the stern is a bed of low DO concentrated gelid H2O, which when released through the turbines means the tailwater will hold deficient DO concentration. To ease this job, the H2O can be aerated prior to go throughing it through the turbine. Research has shown that in a few workss where the turbines have been constructed to entrain fashion into the flow when it passes through them, aeration of the tailwaters is sufficient and economical aquatic life and efficiency may nevertheless be change. In such undertakings, upgrading of old turbines may change the instal of self-aerating turbines that accordingly may increase the DO concentrations of the tailwater, finally profiting the environment.3.1.1.4 Changes in reservoir storage and flow releasesAs seen, to upgrade bing hydropower workss, methods like increasing the turbines flow rate or increasing or changing reservoir storage, done by increasing the dike s lift and change the H2O release periods during the twelvemonth severally, can be used, which may impact the downstream and reservoir H2O quality such as altering the concentrations of DO and temperature of H2O.3.1.2 Air QualityThe impacts of hydropower workss ascents on the fashion quality argon commonly ephemeral and minimum, and normally occur merely because of dust emanations and other emanations that have escaped from the equipment used in upgrade undertakings that pick out major building. In fact, hydropower ascents may positively impact the mien quality by minimising coevals utilizing fogey fuel.3.1.3 aquatic EcosystemsIt has been established that the alterations that may happen during building and operation activities during bing hydropower works upgrades impact aquatic life. While minor ascents do non importantly impact the H2O quality, major ascents may observe in unordered eroding and deposit, chemical and building oil spillage, and break of contaminated deposits, which may impact aquatic life. increase temperatures and reduced concentrations of DO, hapless tailwater quality, could accompany because of fluctuations in flow releases during building. Furthermore, because of go throughing lowly DO concentrated H2O through a turbine, instead than sloping the H2O over a dike, there could be lessen aeration which besides imprints aquatic life.3.1.4 Riparian and tellurian ecosystemsBreak to riparian wetlands and dwelling house flat coats receivable to building activities is the chief cause of the impacts of bing hydropower workss upgrade on tellurian ecosystems. However, these impacts, which depend on the site or undertaking, be normally insignifanct and merely a few undertakings may do important impacts. Upstream tellurian base of operations ground may significantly be lost through flood because of developments that comprise heightening lifts of the dike. Short-run deposit and fluctuations in flow agendas during building, in add-on to equipment replacing inside edifices, is non likely to hold long-run impacts on tellurian ecosystems. 3.1.5 Diversion3.1.5.1 Construction impacts unpaid installations will non be significantly wedged by minor hydropower works ascents tho during a little building period. Major ascents on the other manus may impact amateur activities. With the possibility of the deposit loads increasing as a emergence of creek beds and bank eroding, the touch H2O quality may impact amateurish activities such as H2O skiing, fishing, yachting, and swimming, among others such activities may besides be affected by obsolescent minor spillage of oil and lubricators. During upgrade building, there may be dewatering and stagnancy because of controlled flow, which subjects in unwanted growing of algae and low concentrations of DO, accordingly impacting activities like fishing. Open stones, awful odors, loud bl atomic number 18s, dust, harmful flatulency emanations, and eroded Bankss, among others may besides impact the aesthetics and and so the inexpert activities.3.1.5.2 Long term ImpactsDecreased aeration in downstream dike H2O is among the permanent impacts of hydropower works ascent on amateurish activities. youthful turbines shine the DO concentration, impacting aquatic life and finally fishing activities. Recreational activities may besides be wedged in undertakings where high flow-capable turbines atomic number 18 used because there will be contrasting flow agendas for attachs. Alterations in the downstream flow graduated table or programming may impact the aquatic life, and so impacting unskilled activities.3.1.6 Dam Safety and FloodingConcerns for dike gumshoe are normally as a consequence of major, non minor 1s, hydropower works ascents which involves promoting the reservoir degrees that consequences on more structural tonss on the dike, accordingly compromising the everyday dike s safety factor. In most upgrade developments, deluging frights are uncommon. Still, among the methods of increasing coevals at bing reservoirs is to minimise flood storage so as to do more H2O available for coevals. on that point would, as a consequence of this lessening in inundation storage, be an increased concern for downstream implosion therapy different sites have different impacts and magnitude of the free implosion therapy.3.1.7 push auspices benefitsAlthough it will non significantly to the U.S. s full(a) power grid, the ascent of bing hydropower workss would supply low-priced and worthy energy signifier that is local and renewable, therefore is non nonimmune to foreign ordinance or fuel scarcenesss. The respect of energy ensuing from such ascents is entangle up more during peak demands, even though it may sometimes turn out undependable, particularly during low flows or when more flow releases are postulate to better H2O quality and aquatic life.3.2 Impact of new hydroelectric power at bing dikesWhen an bing dike is developed by put ining new hydropower workss, many an(prenominal) advantages are realized, minus the several bad enviro nmental set up experienced during hydropower development at new dikes. This is because at bing dikes, the impacts caused by stream ictus such as submerging of tellurian al-Qaida ground, obstructionist of fish migration, alteration in volume and timing of downstream flow, among others, have already been felt more impacts may still be felt during retrofitting.3.2.1 Water resources3.2.1.1 Construction Impacts in that location may be some pro tem impacts on H2O resources that result from the building activities during retrofitting. corroding at the site of building and the accidental make out of unearthed stuffs into the watercourse may do the tailwaters to hold sediment tonss. Furthermore, the building activities may do spillage of oil and perturbation and distribution of contaminated deposits present at a dike. These impermanent impacts normally end by and by building is complete.3.2.1.2 Change in flow release formsDue to alterations in release agendas of H2O in hydropower work ss, the downstream may hold harmful effectuate like interrupting aquatic life, recreational activities, and increasing eroding of the bank. As such, flow alterations are normally prohi human actioned because they may take down the dike s capacity to run into its initial marks.3.2.1.3 Changes in tailwater quality referable to alterations in release liftWater in a retrofit hydropower workss can be extracted from lifts separate from the initial impounding s backdown lift. During summer, the quality of H2O in deep storage reservoir normally fluctuates with lift. An impounding, with icy H2O normally dimension low concentrations of DO in its lower lifts and warm H2O holding high concentrations of DO in the high lifts, is caused by thermic stratification. In such graded impoundings where the bing release is through a wasteweir or high lift Gatess at the top, there would be fluctuations in downstream quality during hot conditions from high to low concentrations of DO and high to low te mperatures when there is installing of a hydropower works retreating from low lifts. There is normally a high heavy metal concentration like Mg and Fe, irritant compounds, in yatter fired from low lift. Rarely, shallow impoundings may besides hold stratified H2O quality.3.2.1.4 Change in timidity H2O quality due(p) to alterations in release liftVariations in the backdown lift from a reservoir, in add-on to the impacts discussed before, may besides impact quality of H2O in the impoundment upstream of the dike. A gate release replacing with a turbine consumption at even the slightest lift alteration for boldness may take down the volume of cold H2O on the reservoir s underside and raise the warm H2O volume in the reservoir in hot conditions. These fluctuations may impact temperature of H2O, production of algae, concentration of DO, and other issues of H2O quality at changing times and sites in the reservoir. generator simulation theoretical accounts are employed in the anticipati on of the compound, unpredictable, and site-exclusive impacts. Changing the backdown lift may sometimes be utile for the H2O quality in the reservoir, and sometimes harmful.3.2.1.5 Nitrogen Super impregnationHydropower upgrade undertakings cause nitrogen ace impregnation and posterior the fishes shooter bubble infection which causes the formation of gas bubble in a organic social system of the fish which may kill. Three conditions may ensue in the formation of nitrogen ace impregnation when releases from the reservoir are really aerated, when line of products is entrained into in earnest constructed sluicegates, and when N saturated H2O from inside the reservoir is discharged to tailwaters. Nitrogen ace impregnation does non by and large have big impacts in hydropower development at retrofitted dikes.3.2.2 Air QualityAs has been established, impacts of circularise quality of retrofitting dikes are similar to hydropower works ascent s local, impermanent and minimum impacts. H appening merely during building, effects may include get awaying dust emanations and equipment usage emanations and are by and large minimum compared with other emanations.3.2.3 Aquatic ecosystemThe aquatic resources during building from dike retrofitting are impacted the same manner as during ascent of bing hydropower workss. There is nevertheless greater opportunity for the impact on aquatic resources, by degrading the H2O and home ground quality, to be more, peculiarly from H2O debasement, because of the major building in this option. Despite the already bing reservoir and the beings version to the H2O environment, get downing of hydroelectricity production may alter the releases volume and timing. Consequently, there may be instant and more implike H2O degree fluctuations in the tailwaters and reservoir, which destroy critical shallow-water home ground for aquatic life. Furthermore, when lowly concentrated DO, cold, deep H2O is discharged from stratified reservoirs will rase the quality of H2O of the tailwaters and negatively impact the ecosystem fitting to deep warm, extremely concentrated DO H2O releases.3.2.4 Dam safety and implosion therapy3.2.4.1 Dam safetyRetrofiting hydropower dike has a few dike safety concerns. Because building may necessitate removing of some of the bing dike s parts, there is a possibility of the dike s hind end or construction weakening if improperly done.3.2.4.2 DelugingDesign-specific, the building of hydropower workss at dikes with low-head may upsurge the implosion therapy upstream s rate and graduated table. If there is the slightest obstructor in the flows way due to building, the upstream inundation lifts would increase.3.2.5 Energy security benefitsAlthough it will non significantly to the U.S. s entire power grid, energy from retrofitting dikes would supply inexpensive and valuable energy signifier that is local and renewable, therefore is non susceptible to foreign ordinance or fuel scarcenesss. The value of en ergy ensuing from such an option is felt more during peak demands, even though it may sometimes turn out undependable, particularly during low flows or when more flow releases are inevitable to better H2O quality and aquatic life.3.3 Impacts of coevals utilizing fossil fuelsMost of U.S. power production capacity is due to the usage of fossil fuels ( combust, gas and oil ) . The power that would hold been produced by hydropower is so got from the usage of these fossil fuels.3.3.1 Water resourcesThe coevals of fossil-fuels can take to a figure of effects to H2O resources. In most instances fossil fuels workss are normally constructed following to big H2O organic structures to supply H2O for cooling or to thrust ahead as agencies of transfer for the fuels. The building of these workss besides interferes with the land countries taking to eroding and as a consequence taking to symmetry tonss in the H2O organic structures.Coal excavation and passageway are the chief effects of coal - power coevals to legion(predicate) H2O organic structures. In the humid parts coal mines have for a long period triggered serious pollution of H2O organic structures due to altering of the river channels ( because of moderate excavation effects, hydrologic alterations to watershed, and increased residue tonss ) and drainage of acids from mines. Although these impacts can be controlled, to a certain extent they can non be wholly avoided. In waterless countries, these effects are less compared to those in humid countries. However, impacts such as change of groundwater can happen. Even though, the exile of fossil fuels by flatboat on H2O resources can do minor impacts, other agencies of transit such as coal slurry grapevines, can ensue into terrible impacts on local H2O organic structures. The lavation of coal at the power works or mine to better its combustion or emanations qualities big sums of H2O are consumed every bit good as pollution as a consequence of these procedures.Wa ter resources can besides be degraded due to production and transit of gas and oil used in the production of electric power. These effects can be due to inshore oil production and oil spills in the correct of refinement and transit. The production of fossil-fuel power workss is the root to several pollution effects to H2O organic structures. cooling H2O is required by these workss in the compression of steam after it has been recycled in the boilers. The cooling H2O can be used one time and channeled to come up H2O or it can be recycled through the scary tower let go ofing the heat out to the standard atmosphere. Significant temperature addition and vaporization in the receiving H2O organic structure can besides be caused by chill procedures. Water is likewise consumed by the chilling towers through vaporization and the discharge of blow down H2O, which contains higher concentrations of dissolved solids.3.3.2 Air qualityThe major beginning of air emanations is due to the usag e of fossil fuels in power coevals as compared to the usage hydroelectric coevals. nearly of these emanations include dust discharged from coal hemorrhoids and mines, vehicles used in excavation and transit of these fossil fuels, the storage and use of crude oil and gas besides release hydrocarbon emanations and emanations from keen.Air quality as an impact of fossil- fuel production is of the greatest concern as it leads to the emanation of hot merchandises such as S dioxide, azotic oxide, atoms and C dioxide. Approximately 70 % entropy emanations, 40 % of azotic oxide emanations and 10 % of particulate emanations of U.S. are produced during fossil- fueled power production. With most emanations coming from oil and coal burning, natural gas- fuel workss have significantly lowered air emanations.The chief concerns are reciprocal ohm dioxide and azotic oxides they non merely affect human health but besides contribute to acidic rain and dry deposition. Particulates can likewise hold terrible effects on human wellness, conditions and visibleness. Carbon dioxide emanations are besides possible subscribers to planetary heating. Ever since the 1950s, a steady rise in the emanations of C dioxide has been experienced. Whereas virtually half of the emitted C dioxide released remains in the ambiance lending to planetary heating, the staying half is either dissolved into oceans or taken up by workss or sequestered.3.3.3 Aquatic ecosystemSeveral of the impacts due to the building and operation of fossil-fueled power workss to aquatic ecological resources are really different both in sort and magnitude to the impacts brought most by several hydropower replacements. Unless a chilling lake is created by the dodo fuel works, the loss of aquatic home ground will be relativity little, compared to those due to upgrading or retrofitting of already bing reservoirs. This will be much less compared to the sum of riverine home grounds that would be lost due to a new hydroele ctric impounding.Entrainment, encroachment and chemical and thermic discharges are some of the effects brought approximately by the operation of a chilling system capacitor of a dodo works to aquatic beings. Large sums of solid wastes such as burning ash and scrubber soap are besides produced by coal-burning power workss. If non controlled, leachates form coal and ash hemorrhoids can degrade the H2O quality every bit good as holding toxicant effects on the aquatic beings. Furthermore, aquatic communities over a big geographic country can see important H2O quality effects and habitat loss associated to the whole fuel rhythm ( coal and oil excavation, nuance or cleansing, and ash deposition ) . Aquatic beings in widespread countries can likewise be affected by acerb deposition from fossil fuel workss.3.3.4 DiversionThe state s uninterrupted dependance on fossil fuels as the chief beginning of production for electrical power has appeared to hold important effects on recreational avoc ations in assorted countries. During the air inversion episodes in some of the major metropoliss in the U.S. , air quality effects due to the burning of coal are already impacting people with respiratory complications who the usage some of these recreational resources. In New England and other parts of the U.S. , acidic depositions from coal burning is said to hold affected fishing in assorted lakes. Drain of acids from coal mines has non merely affect fishing but white water canoeing and kayaking, yachting, swimming, hobo and the overall aesthetic qualities of watercourses in Appalachia and in other topographic points. Through the surface excavation of coal recreational chances such as hunting, hike and record observation can be disturbed passim the U.S. However, through renewal, these sites may heighten some of these recreational resources.Increased concentrations of nursery gases in the ambiance can besides convey with it impacts to recreational resources such as alteration in the precipitation measures and governments of a part, more serious or more perennial air inversions, raising or take downing of reservoirs capacities, legion or more terrible major storms in the coastal countries, rise in the sea degree, altering of wildlife home grounds, and change of wildlife migration waies and times. Any out-of-door recreational avocation will be significantly be affected by all these.The boring rigs near the refineries for gas and oil used in power coevals can likewise consequence in H2O quality impacts from rigs, oilers or grapevines which may take to occasional oil spills both onshore and offshore. Recreational activities such as fishing, yachting, swimming, and nature observation can besides be affected as consequence of these impacts. Refinery installations ( with both ocular and olfactive effects ) are frequently seen to be noxious topographic points doing them mutually exclusive with recreational resources. Aesthetic enjoyment of such recreational reso urces can be reduced where there are grapevines. Drilling, production and other research activities due to increased used of gas and oil can hold possible negative effects on these merriment resources particularly in wildlife safeties and delicate offshore locations.In Western join States, in some of the relatively pristine environment where natural gas desulfurization installations are located near the boring rigs ocular, audile and olfactive impacts could be produced where this gas is found. Activities such as hike, runing and nature observation could besides be affected.3.3.5 Energy security benefitsSupplies form Coal and domestic gases are considered to be unafraid energy resource suppliers. In the United States, coal is known to be the richest unrenewable energy resources. Although, fossil-fueled workss are considered to be extremely dependable, they can be besides be affected by terrible conditions conditions such as drouths ( that consequence into inefficient chilling doi ng it expensive for power production ) . Following the everyday rhythm demands, fossil-fuel power workss are non all that efficient. In the quest to extenuate this inefficiency, pumped storage hydroelectric power undertakings and gas turbine workss though less efficient are frequently used because the turbines respond apace to altering demands. Environmental impacts which involves air emanations both regional and globally and the high ingestion of H2O are some of the factors that limit the development of new fossil-fueled workss at assorted sites.4.0 Decision